Royalty Restored or London under Charles II.

J >> J. Fitzgerald Molloy >> Royalty Restored or London under Charles II.

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ROYALTY RESTORED

OR

LONDON UNDER CHARLES II.

by

J. FITZGERALD MOLLOY

*

TO THOMAS HARDY, ESQ.

DEAR MR. HARDY,

In common with all readers of the English language, I owe you a
debt of gratitude, the which I rejoice to acknowledge, even in so
poor a manner as by dedicating this work to you.

Believe me,

Faithfully yours always, J. FITZGERALD MOLLOY.

*

PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

No social history of the court of Charles II. has heretofore been
written. The Grammont Memoirs, devoid of date and detail, and
addressed "to those who read only for amusement," present but
brief imperfect sketches of the wits and beauties who thronged
the court of the merry monarch whilst the brilliant Frenchman
sojourned in England. Pepys, during the first nine years of the
Restoration, narrates such gossip as reached him regarding
Whitehall and the practices that obtained there. Evelyn records
some trifling actions of the king and his courtiers, with a view
of pointing a moral, rather than from a desire of adorning a
tale.

To supply this want in our literature, I have endeavoured to
present a picture of the domestic life of a king, whose name
recalls pages of the brightest romance and strangest gallantry in
our chronicles. To this I have added a study of London during
his reign, taken as far as possible from rare, and invariably
from authentic sources. It will readily be seen this work,
embracing such subjects, could alone have resulted from careful
study and untiring consultation of diaries, records, memoirs,
letters, pamphlets, tracts, and papers left by contemporaries
familiar with the court and capital. The accomplishment of such
a task necessitated an expenditure of time, and devotion to
labour, such as in these fretful and impatient days is seldom
bestowed on work.

As in previous volumes I have writ no fact is set down without
authority, so likewise the same rule is pursued in these; and for
such as desire to test the accuracy thereof, or follow at further
length statements necessarily abbreviated, a list is appended of
the principal literature consulted. And inasmuch as I have found
pleasure in this work, so may my gentle readers derive profit
therefrom; and as I have laboured, so may they enjoy. Expressing
which fair wishes, and moreover commending myself unto their love
and service, I humbly take my leave.

J. FITZGERALD MOLLOY.

*

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, TRACTS, AND NEWSPAPERS,
CONSULTED IN WRITING THIS VOLUME.

"Elenchus Motuum Nuperorum." Heath's "Flagellum; or, the Life
and Death of Oliver Cromwell." Banks' "Life of Cromwell."
"Review of the Political Life of Cromwell." "A Modest
Vindication of Oliver Cromwell." "The Machivilian Cromwellist."
Kimber's "Life of Cromwell." "The World Mistaken in Oliver
Cromwell"(1668). "A Letter of Comfort to Richard Cromwell."
"Letters from Fairfax to Cromwell." "Cromwell's Letters and
Speeches." "A Collection of Several Passages concerning Cromwell
in his Sickness." "The Protector's Declaration against the Royal
Family of the Stuarts." "Memoirs of Cromwell and his Children,
supposed to be written by himself." "Narrative of the
Proceedings of the English Army in Scotland." "An Account of the
Last Houres of the late renowned Oliver, Lord Protector" (1659).
"Sedition Scourged." Heath's "Chronicles of the late Intestine
War." Welwood's "Memoirs of Transactions in England." "Memoirs
of Edmund Ludlow, M.P., in the year 1640." Forster's "Statesmen
of the Commonwealth." "Killing No Murther." Thurloe's "State
Papers." Lord Clarendon's "State Papers." Tatham's "Aqua
Triumphalis." "The Public Intelligencer." "Mercurius
Politicus." "The Parliamentary Intelligencer. Lyon's "Personal
History of Charles II." "The Boscobel Tracts, relating to the
Escape of Charles II." "An Exact Narrative of his Majesty's
Escape from Worcester. "Several Passages relating to the
Declared King of Scots both by Sea and Land." "Charles II.'s
Declaration to his Loving Subjects in the Kingdom of England."
"England's Joy; or, a Relation of the most Remarkable Passages
from his Majesty's Arrival at Dover to his Entrance at
Whitehall." "Copies of Two Papers written by the King." "His
Majesty's Gracious Message to General Monk." "King Charles, His
Starre." "A Speech spoken by a Blew-Coat of Christ's Hospital to
his Sacred Majesty." "Monarchy Revived." "The History of Charles
II., by a Person of Quality." Lady Fanshawe's "Memoirs." "The
Character of Charles II., written by an Impartial Hand and
exposed to Public View." "Sports and Pastimes of the English
People." "A History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments in
England." Wright's "Homes of Other Days." Idalcomb's "Anecdotes
of Manners and Customs of London." Pepys' "Diary." Evelyn's
"Diary." Grammont's "Memoirs." Lord Romney's "Diary of the Times
of Charles II." "The Life and Adventures of Colonel Blood."
"Diary of Dr. Edward Lake, Court Chaplain." Bishop Burnet's
"History of His Own Times." Oldmixon's "Court Tales." Madame
Dunois' "Memoirs of the English Court." Heath's "Glories and
Triumphs of Charles II." "Continuation of the Life of Edward,
Earl of Clarendon." "Original Correspondence of Lord Clarendon."
"The Memoirs of Sir John Reresby." Lister's "Life of Clarendon.
Brain Fairfax's "Memoirs of the Duke of Buckingham." "Letters of
Philip, Second Earl of Chesterfield." Aubrey's "Memoirs." "The
Life of Mr. Anthony a Wood, written by Himself." Elias Ashmole's
"Memoirs of his Life." Luttrell's "Diary." "The Althorp Memoirs"
(privately printed). Lord Broghill's "Memoirs." "Memoir of
Barbara, Duchess of Cleveland" (privately printed). Aubrey's
"Lives of Eminent Men." Count Magalotti's "Travels in England."
"The Secret History of Whitehall: consisting of Secret Memoirs
which have hitherto lain conceal'd as not being discoverable by
any other hand." "Athenae Oxonienses." Lord Rochester's Works.
Brown's "Miscellanea Aulica." The Works of Andrew Marvell.
"State Tracts, relating to the Government from the year 1660 to
1689." "Antiquities of the Crown and State of Old England."
"Narrative of the Families exposed to the Great Plague of London."
"Loimologia; or, an Historical Account of the Plague in 1665."
"A Collection of very Valuable and Scarce Pieces relating to the
Last Plague in 1665." "London's Dreadful Visitation." "Letter
of Dr, Hedges to a Person of Quality." "God's Terrible Voice in
the City: a Narrative of the late Dreadful Judgments by Plague
and Fire." "Pestis; a Collection of Scarce Papers relating to
the Plague." "An Account of the Fire of London, published by
authority." Lord Clarendon's "Account of the Great Fire." "A
Voyage into England, containing many things relating to the State
of Learning, Religion, and other Curiosities of that Kingdom," by
Mons. Sorbiere. Carte's "Life of James, Duke of Ormond."
Carte's "History of England." Lord Somers' "Collection of Scarce
and Valuable Tracts." "Memoirs of the Duchess of Mazarine."
"Secret History of the Duchess of Portsmouth." St. Evremond's
"Memoirs." "Curialia; or, an Historical Account of some Branches
of the Royal Household." "Parliamentary History." Oldmixon's
"History of the Stuarts." Ellis's "Original Letters." Charles
James Fox's "History of James II." Sir George L'Estrange's
"Brief History of the Times." Lord Romney's "Diary of the Times
of Charles II." Clarke's "Life of James II." "Vindication of
the English Catholics." "The Tryals, Conviction and Sentence of
Titus Oates." "A Modest Vindication of Oates." "Tracts on the
Popish Plot." Macpherson's "Original Papers." A. Marvell's
"Account of Popery." "An Exact Discovery of the Mystery of
Iniquity as Practised among the Jesuits." Smith's "Streets of
London." "London Cries." Seymour's "Survey of the Cities of
London and Westminster." Stow's "Survey of London and
Westminster." "Angliae Metropolis." Dr. Laune's "Present State
of London, 1681." Sir Roger North's "Examn." "The Character of
a Coffee House." Stow's "Chronicles of Fashion." Fairholt's
"Costume in England." "A Just and Seasonable Reprehension of
Naked Breasts and Shoulders." Sir William Petty's "Observations
of the City of London." John Ogilvy's "London Surveyed." R.
Burton's "Historical Remarks." Dr. Birch's "History of the Royal
Society of London." "A Century of Inventions." Wild's "History
of the Royal Society." "The Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society." Richardson's "Life of Milton." Philip's "Life
of Milton." Johnson's "Lives of the Poets." Aubrey's
"Collections for the Life of Milton." Langbaine's "Lives and
Characters of the English Dramatic Poets." "Some Remarkable
Passages in the Life of Mr. Wycherley." "Some Account of what
Occurred at the King's Death," by Richard Huddlestone, O.S.B. "A
True Narrative of the late King's Death."

*

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

Cromwell is sick unto death.--Fears and suspicions.--Killing no
Murder.--A memorable storm.--The end of all.--Richard Cromwell
made Protector,--He refuses to shed blood. Disturbance and
dissatisfaction.--Downfall of Richard.--Charles Stuart proclaimed
king.--Rejoicement of the nation.--The king comes into his own.--
Entry into London.--Public joy and festivity.

CHAPTER II.

The story of the king's escape.--He accepts the Covenant, and
lands in Scotland.--Crowned at Scone.--Proclaimed king at
Carlisle.--The battle of Worcester,--Bravery of Charles.--
Disloyalty of the Scottish cavalry.--The Royalists defeated.--
The king's flight.--Seeks refuge in Boscobel Wood. The faithful
Pendrells.--Striving to cross the Severn.--Hiding in an oak
tree.--Sheltered by Master Lane. Sets out with Mistress Lane.--
Perilous escapes.--On the road.--The king is recognised.--
Strange adventures.--His last night in England.

CHAPTER III.

Celebration of the king's return. Those who flocked to
Whitehall.--My Lord Cleveland's gentlemen.--Sir Thomas Allen's
supper.--Touching for king's evil.--That none might lose their
labour--The man with the fungus nose.--The memory of the
regicides.--Cromwell's effigy.--Ghastly scene at Tyburn.--The
king's clemency.--The Coronation procession.--Sights and scenes
by the way.--His majesty is crowned

CHAPTER IV.

The king's character.--His proverbial grace.--He tells a story
well.--"A warmth and sweetness of the blood."--Beautiful Barbara
Palmer.--Her intrigue with my Lord Chesterfield.--James, Duke of
York. His early days.--Escape from St. James's.--Fights in the
service of France.--Marriage with Anne Hyde.--Sensation at
Court.--The Duke of Gloucester's death.--The Princess of Orange.
--Schemes against the Duke of York's peace.--The "lewd informer."
--Anne Hyde is acknowledged Duchess of York.

CHAPTER V.

Morality of the restoration.--Puritan piety.--Cromwell's
intrigues.--Conduct of women under the Republic.--Some notable
courtiers.--The Duke of Ormond and his family.--Lord St. Albans
and Henry Jermyn.--His Grace of Buckingham and Mistress Fairfax.
--Lord Rochester.--Delights all hearts.--The king's projected
marriage.--Catherine of Braganza.--His majesty's speech.--A royal
love-letter.--The new queen sets sail.

CHAPTER VI.

The king's intrigue with Barbara Palmer.--The queen arrives at
Portsmouth.--Visited by the Duke of York.--The king leaves town.
--First interview with his bride.--His letter to the lord
chancellor.--Royal marriage and festivities.--Arrival at Hampton
Court Palace.--Prospects of a happy union.--Lady Castlemaine
gives birth to a second child.--The king's infatuation.--Mistress
and wife.--The queen's misery.--The king's cruelty.--Lord
Clarendon's messages.--His majesty resolves to break the queen's
spirit.--End of the domestic quarrel.

CHAPTER VII.

Their majesties arrive at Whitehall.--My Lady Castlemaine a
spectator.--Young Mr. Crofts.--New arrivals at court.--The
Hamilton family.--The Chevalier de Grammont.--Mrs. Middleton and
Miss Kirke.--At the queen's ball.--La belle Hamilton.--The queen
mother at Somerset House.--The Duke of Monmouth's marriage.--Fair
Frances Stuart.--Those who court her favour.--The king's passion.

CHAPTER VIII.

The Duke of York's intrigues.--My Lady Chesterfield and his royal
highness.--The story of Lady Southesk's love,--Lord Arran plays
the guitar.--Lord Chesterfield is jealous.--The countess is taken
from court.--Mistress Margaret Brooks and the king.--Lady Denham
and the duke.--Sir John goes mad.--My lady is poisoned.

CHAPTER IX.

Court life under the merry monarch.--Riding in Hyde Park.--
Sailing on the Thames.--Ball at Whitehall.--Petit soupers.--What
happened at Lady Gerrard's.--Lady Castlemaine quarrels with the
king.--Flight to Richmond.--The queen falls ill.--The king's
grief and remorse.--Her majesty speaks.--Her secret sorrow finds
voice in delirium.--Frances Stuart has hopes.--The queen
recovers.

CHAPTER X.

Notorious courtiers.--My Lord Rochester's satires.--Places a
watch on certain ladies of quality.--His majesty becomes
indignant.--Rochester retires to the country.--Dons a disguise
and returns to town.--Practises astrology.--Two maids of honour
seek adventure.--Mishaps which befell them.--Rochester forgiven.
--The Duke of Buckingham.--Lady Shrewsbury and her victims.--
Captain Howard's duel.--Lord Shrewsbury avenges his honour.--A
strange story.--Colonel Blood attempts an abduction.--Endeavours
to steal the regalia.--The king converses with him.

CHAPTER XI.

Terror falls upon the people.--Rumours of a plague.--A sign in
the heavens.--Flight from the capital.--Preparations against the
dreaded enemy.--Dr. Boghurst's testimony.--God's terrible voice
in the city.--Rules made by the lord mayor.--Massacre of
animals.--O, dire death!--Spread of the distemper.--Horrible
sights.--State of the deserted capital.--"Bring out your dead."
--Ashes to ashes.--Fires are lighted.--Relief of the poor.--The
mortality bills.

CHAPTER XII

A cry of fire by night.--Fright and confusion.--The lord mayor is
unmanned.--Spread of the flames.--Condition of the streets.--
Distressful scenes.--Destruction of the Royal Exchange.--Efforts
of the king and the Duke of York.--Strange rumours and alarms,
St. Paul's is doomed.--The flames checked.--A ruined city as seen
by day and night.--Wretched state of the people.--Investigation
into the origin of the fire.--A new city arises.

CHAPTER XIII.

The court repairs to Oxford--Lady Castlemaine's son.--Their
majesties return to Whitehall.--The king quarrels with his
mistress.--Miss Stuart contemplates marriage.--Lady Castlemaine
attempts revenge.--Charles makes an unpleasant discovery.--The
maid of honour elopes.--His majesty rows down the Thames.--Lady
Castlemaine's intrigues.--Fresh quarrels at court.--The king on
his knees.

CHAPTER XIV.

The kingdom in peril.--The chancellor falls under his majesty's
displeasure.--The Duke of Buckingham's mimicry.--Lady
Castlemaine's malice.--Lord Clarendon's fall.--The Duke of Ormond
offends the king's mistress.--She covers him with abuse.--Plots
against the Duke of York.--Schemes for a royal divorce.--Moll
Davis and Nell Gwynn.--The king and the comedian.--Lady
Castlemaine abandons herself to great disorders.--Young Jack
Spencer.--The countess intrigues with an acrobat.--Talk of the
town.--The mistress created a duchess.

CHAPTER XV.

Louise de Querouaille.--The Triple Alliance.--Louise is created
Duchess of Portsmouth,--Her grace and the impudent comedian.--
Madam Ellen moves in society. The young Duke of St. Albans.--
Strange story of the Duchess of Mazarine.--Entertaining the wits
at Chelsea.--Luxurious suppers.--profligacy and wit.

CHAPTER XVI.

A storm threatens the kingdom--The Duke of York is touched in his
conscience.--His interview with Father Simons.--The king declares
his mind.--The Duchess of York becomes a catholic.--The
circumstances of her death.--The Test Act introduced.--Agitation
of the nation.--The Duke of York marries again.--Lord
Shaftesbury's schemes.--The Duke of Monmouth.--William of Orange
and the Princess Mary.--Their marriage and departure from
England.

CHAPTER XVII.

The threatened storm bursts.--History of Titus Oates and Dr.
Tonge.--A dark scheme concocted.--The king is warned of danger.
--The narrative of a horrid plot laid before the treasurer.--
Forged letters.--Titus Oates before the council.--His blunders.
--A mysterious murder.--Terror of the citizens.--Lord
Shaftesbury's schemes.--Papists are banished from the capital.--
Catholic peers committed to the Tower.--Oates is encouraged.

CHAPTER XVIII.

Reward for the discovery of murderers.--Bedlow's character and
evidence.--His strange story.--Development of the "horrid plot."
--William Staley is made a victim.--Three Jesuits hung.--Titus
Oates pronounced the saviour of his country.--Striving to ruin
the queen.--Monstrous story of Bedlow and Oates.--The king
protects her majesty.--Five Jesuits executed.--Fresh rumours
concerning the papists.--Bill to exclude the Duke of York.--Lord
Stafford is tried.--Scene at Tower Hill.--Fate of the
conspirators.

CHAPTER XIX.

London under Charles II.--Condition and appearance of the
thoroughfares.--Coffee is first drunk in the capital.--Taverns
and their frequenters.--The city by night.--Wicked people do
creep about.--Companies of young gentlemen.--The Duke of Monmouth
kills a beadle.--Sir Charles Sedley's frolic.--Stately houses of
the nobility.--St. James's Park.--Amusement of the town.--At
Bartholomew Fair.--Bull, bear, and dog fights.--Some quaint
sports.

CHAPTER XX.

Court customs in the days of the merry monarch.--Dining in
public.--The Duke of Tuscany's supper to the king.--
Entertainment of guests by mountebanks.--Gaming at court.--Lady
Castlemaine's losses.--A fatal duel.--Dress of the period.--
Riding-habits first seen.--His majesty invents a national
costume.--Introduction of the penny post.--Divorce suits are
known.--Society of Antiquaries.--Lord Worcester's inventions.--
The Duchess of Newcastle.

CHAPTER XXI.

A period rich in literature.--John Milton's early life.--Writing
"Paradise Lost."--Its publication and success.--His later works
and death.--John Dryden gossips with wits and players.--Lord
Rochester's revenge.--Elkanah Settle.--John Crowne.--Thomas Otway
rich in miseries.--Dryden assailed by villains.--The ingenious
Abraham Cowley.--The author of "Hudibras."--Young Will Wycherley
and Lady Castlemaine. The story of his marriage.--Andrew
Marvell, poet and politician.--John Bunyan.

CHAPTER XXII.

Time's flight leaves the king unchanged.--The Rye House
conspiracy.--Profligacy of the court.--The three duchesses.--The
king is taken ill.--The capital in consternation.--Dr. Ken
questions his majesty.--A Benedictine monk is sent for.--Charles
professes catholicity and receives the Sacraments.--Farewell to
all.--His last night on earth.--Daybreak and death.--He rests in
peace.

*

ROYALTY RESTORED

OR,

LONDON UNDER CHARLES II.

CHAPTER I.

Cromwell is sick unto death.--Fears and suspicions.--Killing no
Murder.--A memorable storm.--The end of all.--Richard Cromwell
made Protector.--He refuses to shed blood.--Disturbance and
dissatisfaction.--Downfall of Richard.--Charles Stuart proclaimed
king.--Rejoicement of the nation.--The king comes into his own.
--Entry into London.--Public joy and satisfaction.

On the 30th of January, 1649, Charles I. was beheaded. In the
last days of August in the year of grace 1658, Oliver Cromwell
lay sick unto death at the Palace of Whitehall. On the 27th day
of June in the previous year, he had, in the Presence of the
Judges of the land, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen of the City, and
Members of Parliament assembled at Westminster Hall, seated
himself on the coronation chair of the Stuarts, assumed the title
of Lord Protector, donned a robe of violet velvet, girt his loins
with a sword of state, and grasped the sceptre, symbolic of
kingly power. From that hour distrust beset his days, his nights
were fraught with fear. All his keen and subtle foresight, his
strong and restless energies, had since then been exerted in
suppressing plots against his power, and detecting schemes
against his life, concocted by the Republicans whose liberty he
had betrayed, and by the Royalists whose king he had beheaded.

Soon after he had assumed the title of Lord High Protector, a
most daring pamphlet, openly advocating his assassination, was
circulated in vast numbers throughout the kingdom. It was
entitled "Killing no Murder," and was dedicated in language
outrageously bold to His Highness Oliver Cromwell. "To your
Highness justly belongs the honour of dying for the people," it
stated, "and it cannot but be an unspeakable consolation to you,
in the last moments of your life, to consider with how much
benefit to the world you are likely to leave it. It is then
only, my lord, the titles you now usurp will be truly yours; you
will then be, indeed, the deliverer of your country, and free it
from a bondage little inferior to that from which Moses delivered
his, you will then be that true reformer which you would now be
thought; religion shall then be restored, liberty asserted, and
Parliaments have those privileges they have sought for. All this
we hope from your Highness's happy expiration. To hasten this
great good is the chief end of my writing this paper; and if it
have the effects I hope it will, your Highness will quickly be
out of the reach of men's malice, and your enemies will only be
able to wound you in your memory, which strokes you will not
feel."

The possession of life becomes dearest when its forfeiture is
threatened, and therefore Cromwell took all possible means to
guard against treachery--the only foe he feared, and feared
exceedingly. "His sleeps were disturbed with the apprehensions
of those dangers the day presented unto him in the approaches of
any strange face, whose motion he would most fixedly attend,"
writes James Heath, gentleman, in his "Chronicles," published in
1675. "Above all, he very carefully observed such whose mind or
aspect were featured with any chearful and debonair lineaments;
for such he boded were they that would despatch him; to that
purpose he always went secretly armed, both offensive and
defensive; and never stirred without a great guard. In his usual
journey between Whitehall and Hampton Court, by several roads, he
drove full speed in the summer time, making such a dust with his
life-guard, part before and part behinde, at a convenient
distance, for fear of choaking him with it, that one could hardly
see for a quarter of an hour together, and always came in some
private way or other." The same authority, in his "Life of
Cromwell," states of him, "It was his constant custom to shift
and change his lodging, to which he passed through twenty several
locks, and out of which he had four or five ways to avoid
pursuit." Welwood, in his "Memoirs," adds the Protector wore a
coat of mail beneath his dress, and carried a poniard under his
cloak.

Nor was this all. According to the "Chronicle of the late
Intestine War," Cromwell "would sometimes pretend to be merry,
and invite persons, of whom he had some suspicion, to his cups,
and then drill out of their open hearts such secrets as he wisht
for. He had freaks also to divert the vexations of his misgiving
thoughts, calling on by the beat of drum his footguards, like a
kennel of hounds to snatch away the scraps and reliques of his
table. He said every man's hand was against him, and that he ran
daily into further perplexities, out of which it was impossible
to extricate, or secure himself therein, without running into
further danger; so that he began to alter much in the tenour of
his former converse, and to run and transform into the manners of
the ancient tyrants, thinking to please and mitigate his own
tortures with the sufferings of others."

But now the fate his vigilance had hitherto combated at last
overtook him in a manner impossible to evade. He was attacked by
divers infirmities, but for some time made no outward sign of his
suffering, until one day five physicians came and waited on him,
as Dr. George Bate states in his ELENCHUS MOTUUM NUPERORUM. And
one of them, feeling his pulse, declared his Highness suffered
from an intermittent fever; hearing which "he looked pale, fell
into a cold sweat, almost fainted away, and orders himself to be
carried to bed." His fright, however, was but momentary. He was
resolved to live. He had succeeded in raising himself to a
position of vast power, but had failed in attaining the great
object of his ambition--the crowned sovereignty of the nation he
had stirred to its centre, and conquered to its furthest limits.
Brought face to face with death, his indomitable will, which had
shaped untoward circumstances to his accord with a force like
unto fate itself, now determined to conquer his shadowy enemy
which alone intercepted his path to the throne. Therefore as he
lay in bed he said to those around him with that sanctity of
speech which had cloaked his cruellest deeds and dissembled his
most ambitious designs, "I would be willing to live to be further
serviceable to God and his people."

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