Guide to Life and Literature of the Southwest

J >> J. Frank Dobie >> Guide to Life and Literature of the Southwest

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_23_

Horses: Mustangs and Cow Ponies

THE WEST WAS DISCOVERED, battled over, and won by men on
horseback. Spanish conquistadores saddled their horses in Vera
Cruz and rode until they had mapped the continents from the
Horn to Montana and from the Floridas to the harbors of the
Californias. The padres with them rode on horseback, too, and
made every mission a horse ranch. The national dance of
Mexico, the Jarabe, is an interpretation of the clicking of
hoofs and the pawing and prancing of spirited horses that the
Aztecs noted when the Spaniards came. Likewise, the chief
contribution made by white men of America to the folk songs of
the world--the cowboy songs--are rhythmed to the walk of
horses.

Astride horses introduced by the conquistadores to the
Americas, the Plains Indians became almost a separate race
from the foot-moving tribes of the East and the stationary
Pueblos of the Rockies. The men that later conquered and
corralled these wild-riding Plains Indians were plainsmen on
horses and cavalrymen. The earliest American explorers and
trappers of both Plains and Rocky Mountains went out in the
saddle. The first industrial link between the East and the
West was a mounted pack train beating out the Santa Fe Trail.
On west beyond the end of this trail, in Spanish California,
even the drivers of oxen rode horseback. The first
transcontinental express was the Pony Express.

Outlaws and bad men were called "long riders." The Texas
Ranger who followed them was, according to his own proverb,
"no better than his horse." Booted sheriffs from Brownsville
on the Rio Grande to the Hole in the Wall in
the Big Horn Mountains lived in the saddle. Climactic of all
the riders rode the cowboy, who lived with horse and herd.

In the Old West the phrase "left afoot" meant nothing short of
being left flat on your back. "A man on foot is no man at
all," the saying went. If an enemy could not take a man's
life, the next best thing was to take his horse. Where cow
thieves went scot free, horse thieves were hanged, and to say
that a man was "as common as a horse thief" was to express the
nadir of commonness. The pillow of the frontiersmen who slept
with a six-shooter under it was a saddle, and hitched to the
horn was the loose end of a stake rope. Just as "Colonel Colt"
made all men equal in a fight, the horse made all men equal in
swiftness and mobility.

The proudest names of civilized languages when literally
translated mean "horseman": eques, caballero, chevalier,
cavalier. Until just yesterday the Man on Horseback had been
for centuries the symbol of power and pride. The advent of the
horse, from Spanish sources, so changed the ways and
psychology of the Plains Indians that they entered into what
historians call the Age of Horse Culture. Almost until the
automobile came, the whole West and Southwest were dominated
by a Horse Culture.

Material on range horses is scattered through the books listed
under "Range Life," "Stagecoaches, Freighting," "Pony
Express."

No thorough comprehension of the Spanish horse of the Americas
is possible without consideration of this horse's antecedents,
and that involves a good deal of the horse history of the
world.

BROWN, WILLIAM ROBINSON. _The Horse of the Desert_ (no
publisher or place on title page), 1936; reprinted by
Macmillan, New York. A noble, beautiful, and informing book.

CABRERA, ANGEL. _Caballos de America_, Buenos Aires, 1945. The
authority on Argentine horses.

CARTER, WILLIAM H. _The Horses of the World_, National
Geographic Society, Washington, D. C., 1923. A concentrated
survey.

_Cattleman_. Published at Fort Worth, this monthly magazine of
the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association began in
1939 to issue, for September, a horse number. It has published
a vast amount of material both scientific and popular on range
horses. Another monthly magazine worth knowing about is the
_Western Horseman_, Colorado Springs, Colorado.

DENHARDT, ROBERT MOORMAN. _The Horse of the Americas_,
University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1947. This historical
treatment of the Spanish horse could be better ordered; some
sections of the book are little more than miscellanies.

DOBIE, J. FRANK. _The Mustangs_, illustrated by Charles Banks
Wilson, Little, Brown, Boston, 1952. Before this handsome book
arrives at the wild horses of North America, a third of it has
been spent on the Arabian progenitors of the Spanish horse,
the acquisition of the Spanish horse by western Indians, and
the nature of Indian horses. There are many narratives of
mustangs and mustangers and of Spanish-blooded horses under
the saddle. The author has tried to compass the natural
history of the animal and to blend vividness with learning.
The book incorporates his _Tales of the Mustang_, a slight
volume published in an edition of only three hundred copies in
1936. It also incorporates a large part of _Mustangs and Cow
Horses_, edited by Dobie, Boatright, and Ransom, and issued by
the Texas Folklore Society, Austin, 1940--a volume that went
out of print not long after it was published.

DODGE, THEODORE A. _Riders of Many Lands_, New York, 1893.
Illustrations by Remington. Wide and informed views.

GRAHAM, R. B. CUNNINGHAME. _The Horses of the Conquest_,
London, 1930. Graham was both historian and horseman, as much
at home on the pampas as in his ancient Scottish home. This
excellent book on the Spanish horses intro-

{illust. caption =
Charles Banks Wilson, in _The Mustangs_
by J. Frank Dobie (1952)}

duced to the Western Hemisphere is in a pasture to itself.
Reprinted in 1949 by the University of Oklahoma Press, with
introduction and notes by Robert Moorman Denhardt.

GREER, JAMES K. _Bois d'Arc to Barbed Wire_, Dallas, 1936. OP.

HASTINGS, FRANK. _A Ranchman's Recollections_, Chicago, 1921.
"Old Gran'pa" is close to the best American horse story I have
ever read. OP.

HAYES, M. HORACE. _Points of the Horse_, London, 1904. This
and subsequent editions are superior in treatment and
illustrations to earlier editions. Hayes was a far traveler
and scholar as well as horseman. One of the less than a dozen
best books on the horse.

JAMES, WILL. _Smoky_, Scribner's, New York, 1930. Perhaps the
best of several books that Will James--always with
illustrations--has woven around horse heroes.

LEIGH, WILLIAM R. _The Western Pony_, New York, 1933. One of
the most beautifully printed books on the West; beautiful
illustrations; illuminating text. OP.

MULLER, DAN. _Horses_, Reilly and Lee, Chicago, 1936.
Interesting illustrations.

PATTULLO, GEORGE. _The Untamed_, New York, 1911. A collection
of short stories, among which "Corazon" and "Neutria" are
excellent on horses. OP.

PERKINS, CHARLES ELLIOTT. _The Pinto Horse_, Santa Barbara,
California, 1927. A fine narrative, illustrated by Edward
Borein. OP.

RIDGEWAY, W. _The Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred
Horse_, Cambridge, England, 1905. A standard work, though many
of its conclusions are disputed, especially by Lady Wentworth
in her _Thoroughbred Racing Stock and Its Ancestors_, London,
1938.

SANTEE, ROSS. _Men and Horses_, New York, 1926. Three chapters
of this book, "A Fool About a Horse," "The Horse Wrangler,"
and "The Rough String," are especially recommended. _Cowboy_,
New York, 1928, reveals in a fine way the rapport between the
cowboy and his horse. _Sleepy Black,_
New York, 1933, is a story of a horse designed for younger
readers; being good on the subject, it is good for any reader.
All OP.

SIMPSON, GEORGE GAYLOR. _Horses: The Story of the Horse Family
in the Modern World and through Sixty Million Years of
History_, Oxford University Press, New York, 1951. In the
realm of paleontology this work supplants all predecessors.
Bibliography.

STEELE, RUFUS. _Mustangs of the Mesas_, Hollywood, California,
1941. OP. Modern mustanging in Nevada; excellently written
narratives of outstanding mustangs.

STONG, PHIL. _Horses and Americans_, New York, 1939. A survey
and a miscellany combined. OP.

{illust. caption =
Charles M. Russell, in _The Untamed_
by George Pattullo (1911)}

THORP, JACK (N. Howard) as told to Neil McCullough Clark.
_Pardner of the Wind_, Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1945. Two
chapters in this book make the "Spanish thunderbolts," as Jack
Thorp called the mustangs and Spanish cow horses, graze, run,
pitch, and go gentle ways as free as the wind. "Five Hundred
Mile Horse Race" is a great story. No other range man
excepting Ross Santee has put down so much everyday horse lore
in such a fresh way.

TWEEDIE, MAJOR GENERAL W. _The Arabian Horse: His Country and
People_, Edinburgh and London, 1894. One of the few horse
books to be classified as literature. Wise in the blend of
horse, land, and people.

WENTWORTH, LADY. _The Authentic Arabian Horse and His
Descendants_, London, 1945. Rich in knowledge and both
magnificent and munificent in illustrations. Almost
immediately after publication, this noble volume entered the
rare book class.

WYMAN, WALKER D. _The Wild Horse of the West_, Caxton,
Caldwell, Idaho, 1945. A scholarly sifting of virtually all
available material on mustangs. Readable. Only thorough
bibliography on subject so far published.

_24_

The Bad Man Tradition

PLENTY of six-shooter play is to be found in most of the books
about old-time cowboys; yet hardly one of the professional bad
men was a representative cowboy. Bad men of the West and
cowboys alike wore six-shooters and spurs; they drank each
other's coffee; they had a fanatical passion for liberty--for
themselves. But the representative cowboy was a reliable hand,
hanging through drought, blizzard, and high water to his herd,
whereas the bona fide bad man lived on the dodge. Between the
killer and the cowboy standing up for his rights or merely
shooting out the lights for fun, there was as much difference
as between Adolf Hitler and Winston Churchill. Of course, the
elements were mixed in the worst of the bad men, as they are
in the best of all good men. No matter what deductions
analysis may lead to, the fact remains that the western bad
men of open range days have become a part of the American
tradition. They represent six-shooter culture at its zenith--
the wild and woolly side of the West--a stage between receding
bowie knife individualism of the backwoods and blackguard,
machine-gun gangsterism of the city.

The songs about Sam Bass, Jesse James, and Billy the Kid
reflect popular attitude toward the hard-riding outlaws. Sam
Bass, Jesse James, Billy the Kid, the Daltons, Cole Younger,
Joaquin Murrieta, John Wesley Hardin, Al Jennings, Belle
Starr, and other "long riders" with their guns in their hands
have had their biographies written over and over. They were
not nearly as immoral as certain newspaper columnists lying
under the cloak of piety. As time goes on, they, like antique

{illust. caption =
Tom Lea: Pancho Villa, in _Southwest Review_ (1951)}

Robin Hood and the late Pancho Villa, recede from all
realistic judgment. If the picture show finds in them models
for generosity, gallantry, and fidelity to a code of liberty,
and if the public finds them picturesque, then philosophers
may well be thankful that they lived, rode, and shot.

"The long-tailed heroes of the revolver," to pick a phrase
from Mark Twain's unreverential treatment of them in _Roughing
It_, often did society a service in shooting each other--aside
from providing entertainment to future generations. As "The
Old Cattleman" of Alfred Henry Lewis' _Wolfville_ stories
says, "A heap of people need a heap of killing." Nor can the
bad men be logically segregated from the long-haired killers
on the side of the law like Wild Bill Hickok and Wyatt Earp.
W. H. Hudson once advanced the theory that bloodshed and
morality go together. If American civilization proceeds, the
rage for collecting books on bad men will probably subside
until a copy of Miguel Antonio Otero's _The Real Billy the
Kid_ will bring no higher price than a first edition of A.
Edward Newton's _The Amenities of Book-Collecting_.

See "Fighting Texians," "Texas Rangers," "Range Life," "Cowboy
Songs and Other Ballads."

AIKMAN, DUNCAN. _Calamity Jane and the Lady Wildcats_, 1927.
OP. Patronizing in the H. L. Mencken style.

BILLY THE KID. We ve got to take him seriously, not so much
for what he was--

There are twenty-one men I have put bullets through,
And Sheriff Pat Garrett must make twenty-two--

as for his provocations. Popular imagination, represented by
writers of all degrees, goes on playing on him with cumulative
effect. As a figure in literature the Kid has come to lead the
whole field of western bad men. The _Saturday Review_, for
October 11, 1952, features a philosophical essay entitled
"Billy the Kid: Faust in America--The Making of a Legend." The
growth of this legend is minutely traced through a period
of seventy-one years (1881-1952) by J. C. Dykes in _Billy the
Kid: The Bibliography of a Legend_, University of New Mexico
Press, Albuquerque, 1952 (186 pages). It lists 437 titles,
including magazine pieces, mimeographed plays, motion
pictures, verses, pamphlets, fiction. In a blend of casualness
and scholarship, it gives the substance and character of each
item. Indeed, this bibliography reads like a continued story,
with constant references to both antecedent and subsequent
action. Pat Garrett, John Chisum, and other related characters
weave all through it. A first-class bibliography that is also
readable is almost a new genre.

Pat F. Garrett, sheriff of Lincoln County, New Mexico, killed
the Kid about midnight, July 14, 1881. The next spring his
_Authentic Life of Billy the Kid_ was published at Santa Fe,
at least partly written, according to good evidence, by a
newspaperman named Ash Upton. This biography is one of the
rarities in Western Americana. In 1927 it was republished by
Macmillan, New York, under title of _Pat F. Garrett's
Authentic Life of Billy the Kid_, edited by Maurice G. Fulton.
This is now OP but remains basic. The most widely circulated
biography has been _The Saga of Billy the Kid_ by Walter Noble
Burns, New York, 1926. It contains a deal of fictional
conversation and it has no doubt contributed to the Robin-
Hoodizing of the lethal character baptized as William H.
Bonney, who was born in New York in 1859 and now lives with
undiminished vigor as Billy the Kid. Walter Noble Burns was
not so successful with _The Robin Hood of El Dorado: The Saga
of Joaquin Murrieta_ (1932), or, despite hogsheads of blood,
with _Tombstone_ (1927).

CANTON, FRANK M. _Frontier Trails_, Boston, 1930.

COE, GEORGE W. _Frontier Fighter_, Boston, 1934; reprinted by
University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. The autobiography
of one of Billy the Kid's men as recorded by Nan Hillary
Harrison.

COOLIDGE, DANE. _Fighting Men of the West_, New York, 1932.
Biographical sketches. OP.

CUNNINGHAM, EUGENE. _Triggernometry_, 1934; reprinted by
Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho. Excellent survey of codes and
characters. Written by a man of intelligence and knowledge.
Bibliography.

FORREST, E. R. _Arizona's Dark and Bloody Ground_, Caxton,
Caldwell, Idaho, 1936.

GARD, WAYNE. _Sam Bass_, Boston, 1936. Most of the whole
truth. OP.

HALEY, J. EVETTS. _Jeff Milton--A Good Man with a Gun_,
University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1949. Jeff Milton the
whole man as well as the queller of bad men.

HENDRICKS, GEORGE. _The Bad Man of the West_, Naylor, San
Antonio, 1941. Analyses and classifications go far toward
making this treatment of old subjects original. Excellent
bibliographical guide.

HOUGH, EMERSON. _The Story of the Outlaw_, 1907. OP. An
omnibus carelessly put together with many holes in it.

LAKE, STUART. _Wyatt Earp_, Boston, 1931. Best written of all
gunmen biographies. Earp happened to be on the side of the
law.

LANKFORD, N. P. _Vigilante Days and Ways_, 1890, 1912. OP.
Full treatment of lawlessness in the Northwest.

LOVE, ROBERTUS. _The Rise and Fall of Jesse James_, New York,
1926. Excellently written. OP.

RAINE, WILLIAM MCLEOD. _Famous s and Western Outlaws_,
Doubleday, Garden City, N. Y., 1929. A rogues' gallery. _Guns
of the Frontier_, Boston, 1940. Another miscellany. OP.

RASCOE, BURTON. _Belle Starr_, New York, 1941. OP.

RIPLEY, THOMAS. _They Died with Their Boots On_, 1935. Mostly
about John Wesley Hardin. OP.

SABIN, EDWIN L. _Wild Men of the Wild West_, New York, 1929.
Biographic survey of killers from the Mississippi to the
Pacific. OP.

WILD BILL HICKOK. The subject of various biographies, among
them those by Frank J. Wilstach (1926) and William
E. Connelley (1933). The _Nebraska History Magazine_ (Volume
X) for April-June 1927 is devoted to Wild Bill and contains a
"descriptive bibliography" on him by Addison E. Sheldon.

WOODHULL, FROST. Folk-Lore Shooting, in _Southwestern Lore_,
Publication IX of the Texas Folklore Society, 1931. Rich.
Humor.

_25_

Mining and Oil

DURING the twentieth century oil has brought so much money to
the Southwest that the proceeds from cattle have come to look
like tips. This statement is not based on statistics, though
statistics no doubt exist--even on the cost of catching sun
perch. Geological, legal, and economic writings on oil are
mountainous in quantity, but the human drama of oil yet
remains, for the most part, to be written. It is odd to find
such a modern book as Erna Fergusson's _Our Southwest_ not
mentioning oil. It is odd that no book of national reputation
comes off the presses about any aspect of oil. The nearest to
national notice on oil is the daily report of transactions on
the New York Stock Exchange. Oil companies subsidize histories
of themselves, endow universities with money to train
technicians they want, control state legislatures and senates,
and dictate to Congress what they want for themselves in
income tax laws; but so far they have not been able to hire
anybody to write a book about oil that anybody but the hirers
themselves wants to read. Probably they don't read them. The
first thing an oilman does after amassing a few millions is
buy a ranch on which he can get away from oil--and on which he
can spend some of his oil money.

People live a good deal by tradition and fight a good deal by
tradition also, voting more by prejudice. When one considers
the stream of cow country books and the romance of mining
living on in legends of lost mines and, then, the desert of
oil books, one realizes that it takes something more than
money to make the mare of romance run. Geology and economics
are beyond the aim of this _Guide_, but if oil money
keeps on buying up ranch land, the history of modern ranching
will be resolved into the biographies of a comparatively few
oilmen.

BOATRIGHT, MODY C. _Gib Morgan: Minstrel of the Oil Fields_.
Texas Folklore Society, Austin, 1945. Folk tales about Gib
rather than minstrelsy. OP.

BOONE, LALIA PHIPPS. _The Petroleum Dictionary_, University of
Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1952. "More than 6,000 entries:
definitions of technical terms and everyday expressions, a
comprehensive guide to the language of the oil industry."

CAUGHEY, JOHN WALTON. _Gold Is the Cornerstone_ (1948).
Adequate treatment of the discovery of California gold and of
the miners. _Rushing for Gold_ (1949). Twelve essays by twelve
writers, with emphasis on travel to California. Both books
published by University of California Press, Berkeley and Los
Angeles.

CENDRARS, BLAISE. _Sutter's Gold_, London, 1926. OP.

CLARK, JAMES A., and HALBOUTY, MICHEL T. _Spindletop_, Random
House, New York, 1952. On January 10, 1901, the Spindletop
gusher, near Beaumont, Texas, roared in the oil age. This
book, while it presumes to record what Pat Higgins was
thinking as he sat in front of a country store, seems to be
"the true story." The bare facts in it make drama.

DE QUILLE, DAN (pseudonym for William Wright) . _The Big
Bonanza_, Hartford, 1876. Reprinted, 1947. OP.

DOBIE, J. FRANK. _Coronado's Children_, Dallas, 1930;
reprinted by Grosset and Dunlap, New York. Legendary tales of
lost mines and buried treasures of the Southwest. _Apache Gold
and Yaqui Silver_, Little, Brown, Boston, 1939. More of the
same thing.

EMRICH, DUNCAN, editor. _Comstock Bonanza_, Vanguard, New
York, 1950. A collection of writings, garnered mostly from
West Coast magazines and newspapers, bearing on mining in
Nevada during the boom days of Mark Twain's

{illust. caption =
Tom Lea, in _Santa Rita_ by Martin W. Schwettmann
(1943)}

_Roughing It_. James G. Gally's writing is a major discovery
in a minor field.

FORBES, GERALD. _Flush Production: The Epic of Oil in the
Gulf-Southwest_, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1942.

GILLIS, WILLIAM R. _Goldrush Days with Mark Twain_, New York,
1930. OP.

GLASSCOCK, LUCILLE. _A Texas Wildcatter_, Naylor, San
Antonio, 1952. The wildcatter is Mrs. Glasscock's husband. She
chronicles this player's main moves in the game and gives an
insight into his energy-driven ambition.

HOUSE, BOYCE. _Oil Boom_, Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1941. With
Boyce House's earlier _Were You in Ranger?_, this book gives a
contemporary picture of the gushing days of oil, money, and
humanity.

LYMAN, GEORGE T. _The Saga of the Comstock Lode_, 1934, and
_Ralston's Ring_, 1937. Both published by Scribner's, New
York.

MCKENNA, JAMES _A. Black Range Tales_, New York, 1936.
Reminiscences of prospecting life. OP.

MATHEWS, JOHN JOSEPH. _Life and Death of an Oilman: The Career
of E. W. Marland_, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1951.
Mature in style and in interpretative power, John Joseph
Mathews goes into the very life of an oilman who was something
else.

RISTER, C. C. _Oil! Titan of the Southwest_, University of
Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1949. Facts in factual form. Plenty of
oil wealth and taxes; nothing on oil government.

SHINN, CHARLES H. _Mining Camps_, 1885, reprinted by Knopf,
New York, 1948. Perhaps the most competent analysis extant on
the behavior of the gold hunters, with emphasis on their self-
government. _The Story of the Mine as Illustrated by the Great
Comstock Lode of Nevada_, New York, 1896. OP. Shinn knew and
he knew also how to combine into form.

STUART, GRANVILLE. _Forty Years on the Frontier_, Cleveland,
1925. Superb on California and Montana hunger for precious
metals. OP.

TAIT, SAMUEL W. _Wildcatters: An Informal History of Oil-
Hunting in America_, Princeton University Press, 1946. OP.

TWAIN, MARK. _Roughing It_. The mining boom itself.

_26_

Nature; Wild Life; Naturalists

"NO MAN," says Mary Austin, "has ever really entered into the
heart of any country until he has adopted or made up myths
about its familiar objects." A man might reject the myths but
he would have to know many facts about its natural life and
have imagination as well as knowledge before entering into a
country's heart. The history of any land begins with nature,
and all histories must end with nature.

"The character of a country is the destiny of its people,"
wrote Harvey Fergusson in _Rio Grande_. Ross Calvin, also of
New Mexico, had the same idea in mind when he entitled his
book _Sky Determines_. "Culture mocks at the boundaries set up
by politics," Clark Wissler said. "It approaches geographical
boundaries with its hat in its hand." The engineering of water
across mountains, electric translation of sounds,
refrigeration of air and foods, and other technical
developments carry human beings a certain distance across some
of nature's boundaries, but no cleverness of science can
escape nature. The inhabitants of Yuma, Arizona, are destined
forever to face a desert devoid of graciousness. Technology
does not create matter; it merely uses matter in a skilful
way--uses it up.

Man advances by learning the secrets of nature and taking
advantage of his knowledge. He is deeply happy only when in
harmony with his work and environments. The backwoodsman,
early settler, pioneer plainsman, mountain man were all like
some infuriated beast of Promethean capabilities tearing at
its own vitals. Driven by an irrational energy, they seemed
intent on destroying not only the growth of the soil but the
power of the soil to reproduce. Davy Crockett, the great bear
killer, was "wrathy to kill a bear," and as respects bears and
other wild life, one may search the chronicles of his kind in
vain for anything beyond the incidents of chase and slaughter.
To quote T. B. Thorpe's blusterous bear hunter, the whole
matter may be summed up in one sentence: "A bear is started
and he is killed." For the average American of the soil,
whether wearing out a farm, shotgunning with a headlight the
last doe of a woodland, shooting the last buffalo on the
range, trapping the last howling lobo, winging the last
prairie chicken, running down in an automobile the last
antelope, making a killer's target of any hooting owl or
flying heron that comes within range, poisoning the last eagle
to fly over a sheep pasture for him the circumstances of the
killing have expressed his chief intellectual interest in
nature.

A sure sign of advancing civilization has been the rapidly
changing popular attitude toward nature during recent years.
People are becoming increasingly interested not merely in
conserving game for sportsmen to shoot, but in preserving all
wild life, in observing animals, in cultivating native flora,
in building houses that harmonize with climate and landscape.
Roger Tory Peterson's _Field Guide to the Birds_ has become
one of the popular standard works of America.

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