Guide to Life and Literature of the Southwest
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J. Frank Dobie >> Guide to Life and Literature of the Southwest
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RICKETTS, W. P. _50 Years in the Saddle_, Sheridan, Wyoming,
1942. OP. A natural book with much interesting information. It
contains the best account of trailing cattle from Oregon to
Wyoming that I have seen.
RIDINGS, SAM P. _The Chisholm Trail_, 1926. Sam P. Ridings, a
lawyer, published this book himself from Medford, Oklahoma. He
had gone over the land, lived with range men, studied history.
A noble book, rich in anecdote and character. The subtitle
reads: "A History of the World's Greatest Cattle Trail,
together with a Description of the Persons, a Narrative of the
Events, and Reminiscences associated with the Same." OP.
ROBINSON, FRANK C. _A Ram in a Thicket_, Abelard Press, New
York, 1950. Robinson is the author of many Westerns, none of
which I have read. This is an autobiography, here noted
because it reveals a maturity of mind and an awareness of
political economy and social evolution hardly suggested by
other writers of Western fiction.
ROLLINS, ALICE WELLINGTON. _The Story of a Ranch_, New York,
1885. Philip Ashton Rollins (no relation that I know of to
Alice Wellington Rollins) went into Charlie Everitt's
bookstore in New York one day and said, "I want every book
with the word _cowboy_ printed in it." _The Story of a Ranch_
is listed here to illustrate how titles often have nothing to
do with subject. It is without either story or ranch; it is
about some dilettanteish people who go out to a Kansas sheep
farm, talk Chopin, and wash their fingers in finger bowls.
ROLLINS, PHILIP ASHTON. _The Cowboy_, Scribner's, New York,
1924. Revised, 1936. A scientific exposition; full. Rollins
wrote two Western novels, not important. A wealthy man with
ranch experience, he collected one of the finest libraries of
Western books ever assembled by any individual and presented
it to Princeton University.
ROLLINSON, JOHN K. _Pony Trails in Wyoming_, Caldwell, Idaho,
1941. Not inspired and not indispensable, but honest
autobiography. OP. _Wyoming Cattle Trails_, Caxton, Caldwell,
Idaho, 1948. A more significant book than the autobiography.
Good on trailing cattle from Oregon.
ROOSEVELT, THEODORE. _Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail_, New
York, 1888. Roosevelt understood the West. He
became the peg upon which several range books were hung,
Hagedorn's _Roosevelt in the Bad Lands_ and Lang's _Ranching
with Roosevelt_ in particular. A good summing up, with
bibliography, is _Roosevelt and the Stockman's Association_,
by Ray H. Mattison, pamphlet issued by the State Historical
Society of North Dakota, Bismarck, 1950.
RUSH, OSCAR. _The Open Range_, Salt Lake City, 1930. Reprinted
1936 by Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho. A sensitive range man's
response to natural things. The subtitle, _Bunk House
Philosophy_, characterizes the book.
RUSSELL, CHARLES M. _Trails Plowed Under_, 1927, with
introduction by Will Rogers. Russell was the greatest painter
that ever painted a range man, a range cow, a range horse or a
Plains Indian. He savvied the cow, the grass, the blizzard,
the drought, the wolf, the young puncher in love with his own
shadow, the old waddie remembering rides and thirsts of far
away and long ago. He was a wonderful storyteller, and most of
his pictures tell stories. He never generalized, painting "a
man," "a horse," "a buffalo" in the abstract. His subjects are
warm with life, whether awake or asleep, at a particular
instant, under particular conditions. _Trails Plowed Under_,
prodigally illustrated, is a collection of yarns and anecdotes
saturated with humor and humanity. It incorporates the
materials in two Rawhide Rawlins pamphlets. _Good Medicine_,
published posthumously, is a collection of Russell's letters,
illustrations saying more than written words.
Russell's illustrations have enriched numerous range books, B.
M. Bower's novels, Malcolm S. Mackay's _Cow Range and Hunting
Trail_, and Patrick T. Tucker's _Riding the High Country_
being outstanding among them. Tucker's book, autobiography,
has a bully chapter on Charlie Russell. _Charles M. Russell,
the Cowboy Artist: A Bibliography_, by Karl Yost, Pasadena,
California, 1948, is better composed than its companion
biography, _Charles M. Russell the Cowboy Artist_, by Ramon F.
Adams and Homer E. Britzman. (Both OP.) One of the most
concrete pieces of writing on Russell is a chapter in _In the
Land of Chinook_, by Al. J.
Noyes, Helena, Montana, 1917. "Memories of Charlie Russell,"
in _Memories of Old Montana_, by Con Price, Hollywood, 1945,
is also good. All right as far as it goes, about a rock's
throw away, is "The Conservatism of Charles M. Russell," by J.
Frank Dobie, in a portfolio reproduction of _Seven Drawings by
Charles M. Russell, with an Additional Drawing by Tom Lea_,
printed by Carl Hertzog, El Paso [1950].
SANTEE, ROSS. _Cowboy_, 1928. OP. The plotless narrative,
reading like autobiography, of a kid who ran away from a farm
in East Texas to be a cowboy in Arizona. His cowpuncher
teachers are the kind "who know what a cow is thinking of
before she knows herself." Passages in _Cowboy_ combine
reality and elemental melody in a way that almost no other
range writer excepting Charles M. Russell has achieved. Santee
is a pen-and-ink artist also. Among his other books, _Men and
Horses_ is about the best.
SHAW, JAMES C. _North from Texas: Incidents in the Early Life
of a Range Man in Texas, Dakota and Wyoming, 1852-1883_,
edited by Herbert O. Brayer. Branding Iron Press, Evanston,
Illinois, 1952. Edition limited to 750 copies. I first met
this honest autobiography by long quotations from it in
Virginia Cole Trenholm's _Footprints on the Frontier_
(Douglas, Wyoming, 1945), wherein I learned that Shaw's
narrative had been privately printed in Cheyenne in 1931, in
pamphlet form, for gifts to a few friends and members of the
author's family. I tried to buy a copy but could find none for
sale at any price. This reprint is in a format suitable to the
economical prose, replete with telling incidents and homely
details. It will soon be only a little less scarce than the
original.
SHEEDY, DENNIS. _The Autobiography of Dennis Sheedy_.
Privately printed in Denver, 1922 or 1923. Sixty pages bound
in leather and as scarce as psalm-singing in "fancy houses."
The item is not very important in the realm of range
literature but it exemplifies the successful businessman that
the judicious cowman of open range days frequently became.
SHEFFY, L. F. _The Life and Times of Timothy Dwight Hobart,
1855-1935_, Panhandle-Plains Historical Society, Canyon,
Texas, 1950. Hobart was manager for the large J A Ranch,
established by Charles Goodnight. He had a sense of history.
This mature biography treats of important developments
pertaining to ranching in the Texas Panhandle.
SIRINGO, CHARLES A. A _Texas Cowboy, or Fifteen Years on the
Hurricane Deck of a Spanish Cow Pony_, 1885. The first in time
of all cowboy autobiographies and first, also, in plain
rollickiness. Siringo later told the same story with additions
under the titles of _A Lone Star Cowboy, A Cowboy Detective_,
etc., all out of print. Finally, there appeared his _Riata and
Spurs_, Boston, 1927, a summation and extension of previous
autobiographies. Because of a threatened lawsuit, half of it
had to be cut and additional material provided for a "Revised
Edition." No other cowboy ever talked about himself so much in
print; few had more to talk about. I have said my full say on
him in an introduction, which includes a bibliography, to _A
Texas Cowboy_, published with Tom Lea illustrations by Sloane,
New York, 1950. OP.
SMITH, ERWIN E., and HALEY, J. EVETTS. _Life on the Texas
Range_, photographs by Smith and text by Haley, University of
Texas Press, Austin, 1952. Erwin Smith yearned and studied to
be a sculptor. Early in this century he went with camera to
photograph the life of land, cattle, horses, and men on the
big ranches of West Texas. In him feeling and perspective of
artist were fused with technical mastership. "I don't mean,"
wrote Tom Lea, "that he made just the best photographs I ever
saw on the subject. I mean the best pictures. That includes
paintings, drawings, prints." On 9 by 12 pages of 100-pound
antique finish paper, the photographs are superbly reproduced.
Evetts Haley's introduction interprets as well as chronicles
the life of a strange and tragic man. The book is easily the
finest range book in the realm of the pictorial ever
published.
SMITH, WALLACE. _Garden of the Sun_, Los Angeles, 1939. OP.
Despite the banal title, this is a scholarly work with first-
rate chapters on California horses and ranching in the San
Joaquin Valley.
SNYDER, A. B., as told to Nellie Snyder Yost. _Pinnacle Jake_,
Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1951. The setting is Nebraska,
Wyoming, and Montana from the 1880's on. Had Pinnacle Jake
kept a diary, his accounts of range characters, especially
camp cooks and range horses, with emphasis on night horses and
outlaws, could not have been fresher or more precise in
detail. Reading this book will not give a new interpretation
of open range work with big outfits, but the aliveness of it
in both narrative and sketch makes it among the best of old-
time cowboy reminiscences.
SONNICHSEN, C. L. _Cowboys and Cattle Kings: Life on the Range
Today_, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1950. An
interviewer's findings without the historical criticism
exemplified by Bernard DeVoto on the subject of federal-owned
ranges (in essays in _Harper's Magazine_ during the late
1940'S).
STANLEY, CLARK, "better known as the Rattlesnake King." _The
Life and Adventures of the American Cow-Boy_, published by the
author at Providence, Rhode Island, 1897. This pamphlet of
forty-one pages, plus about twenty pages of Snake Oil Liniment
advertisements, is one of the curiosities of cowboy
literature. It includes a collection of cowboy songs, the
earliest I know of in time of printing, antedating by eleven
years Jack Thorp's booklet of cowboy songs printed at
Estancia, New Mexico, in 1908. Clark Stanley no doubt used the
contents of his pamphlet in medicine show harangues, thus
adding to the cowboy myth. As time went on, he added scraps of
anecdotes and western history, along with testimonials, to the
pamphlet, the latest edition I have seen being about 1906,
printed in Worcester, Massachusetts.
STEEDMAN, CHARLES J. _Bucking the Sagebrush_, New York, 1904.
OP. Charming; much of nature. Illustrated by Russell.
{illust. caption =
Charles M. Russell, in _The Virginian_ by Owen Wister}
STEVENS, MONTAGUE. _Meet Mr. Grizzly_, University of New
Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1943. Stevens, a Cambridge
Englishman, ranched, hunted, and made deductions. See
characterization under "Bears and Bear Hunters."
STREETER, FLOYD B. _Prairie Trails and Cow Towns_, Boston,
1936. OP. This brings together considerable information on
Kansas cow towns. Primary books on the subject, besides those
by Stuart Henry, McCoy, Vestal, and Wright herewith listed,
are _The Oklahoma Scout_, by Theodore Baughman, Chicago, 1886;
_Midnight and Noonday_, by G. D. Freeman, Caldwell, Kansas,
1892; biographies of Wild Bill Hickok, town marshal; Stuart N.
Lake's biography of Wyatt Earp, another noted marshal; _Hard
Knocks_, by Harry Young, Chicago, 1915, not too prudish to
notice dance hall girls but too Victorian to say much. Many
Texas trail drivers had trouble as well as fun in the cow
towns. _Life and Adventures of Ben Thompson_, by W. M. Walton,
1884, reprinted at Bandera, Texas, 1926, gives samples.
Thompson was more gambler than cowboy; various other men who
rode from cow camps into town and found themselves in their
element were gamblers and gunmen first and cowboys only in
passing.
STUART, GRANVILLE. _Forty Years on the Frontier_, two volumes,
Cleveland, 1925. Nothing better on the cowboy has
ever been written than the chapter entitled "Cattle Business"
in Volume II. A prime work throughout. OP.
THORP, JACK (N. Howard) has a secure place in range literature
because of his contribution in cowboy songs. (See entry under
"Cowboy Songs and Other Ballads.") In 1926 he had printed at
Santa Fe a paper-backed book of 123 pages entitled _Tales of
the Chuck Wagon_, but "didn't sell more than two or three
million copies." Some of the tales are in his posthumously
published reminiscences, _Pardner of the Wind_ (as told to
Neil McCullough Clark, Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1945) . This
book is richest on range horses, and will be found listed in
the section on "Horses."
TOWNE, CHARLES WAYLAND, and WENTWORTH, EDWARD NORRIS.
_Shepherd's Empire_, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman,
1945. Not firsthand in the manner of Gilfillan's _Sheep_, nor
charming and light in the manner of Kupper's _The Golden
Hoof_, but an essayical history, based on research. The
deference paid to Mary Austin's _The Flock_ marks the author
as civilized. Towne wrote the book; Wentworth supplied the
information. Wentworth's own book, _America's Sheep Trails_,
Iowa State College Press, Ames, 1948, is ponderous, amorphous,
and in part, only a eulogistic "mugbook."
TOWNSHEND, R. B. _A Tenderfoot in Colorado_, London, 1923;
_The Tenderfoot in New Mexico_, 1924. Delightful as well as
faithful. Literature by an Englishman who translated Tacitus
under the spires of Oxford after he retired from the range.
TREADWELL, EDWARD F. _The Cattle King_, New York, 1931;
reissued by Christopher, Boston. A strong biography of a very
strong man--Henry Miller of California.
TRENHOLM, VIRGINIA COLE. _Footprints on the Frontier_,
Douglas, Wyoming, 1945. OP. The best range material in this
book is a reprint of parts of James C. Shaw's _Pioneering in
Texas and Wyoming_, privately printed at Cheyenne in 1931.
TRUETT, VELMA STEVENS. _On the Hoof in Nevada_,
Gehrett-Truett-Hall, Los Angeles, 1950. A 613-page album of
cattle brands--priced at $10.00. The introduction is one of
the sparse items on Nevada ranching.
TUCKER, PATRICK T. _Riding the High Country_, Caldwell, Idaho,
1933. A brave book with much of Charlie Russell in it. OP.
VESTAL, STANLEY (pen name for Walter S. Campbell). _Queen of
Cow Towns, Dodge City_, Harper, New York, 1952. "Bibulous
Babylon," "Killing of Dora Hand," and "Marshals for Breakfast"
are chapter titles suggesting the tenor of the book.
_Vocabulario y Refranero Criollo_, text and illustrations by
Tito Saudibet, Guillermo Kraft Ltda., Buenos Aires, 1945.
North American ranges have called forth nothing to compare
with this fully illustrated, thorough, magnificent history-
dictionary of the gaucho world. It stands out in contrast to
American slapdash, puerile-minded pretenses at dictionary
treatises on cowboy life.
"He who knows only the history of his own country does not
know it." The cowboy is not a singular type. He was no better
rider than the Cossack of Asia. His counterpart in South
America, developed also from Spanish cattle, Spanish horses,
and Spanish techniques, is the gaucho. Literature on the
gaucho is extensive, some of it of a high order. Primary is
_Martin Fierro_, the epic by Jose Hernandez (published
1872-79). A translation by Walter Owen was published in the
United States in 1936. No combination of knowledge, sympathy,
imagination, and craftsmanship has produced stories and
sketches about the cowboy equal to those on the gaucho by W.
H. Hudson, especially in _Tales of the Pampas_ and _Far Away
and Long Ago_, and by R. B. Cunninghame Graham, whose writings
are dispersed and difficult to come by.
WEBB, WALTER PRESCOTT. _The Great Plains_, Ginn, Boston, 1931.
While this landmark in historical interpretation of the West
is by no means limited to the subject of grazing, it contains
a long and penetrating chapter entitled "The Cattle
Kingdom." The book is an analysis of land, climate, barbed
wire, dry farming, wells and windmills, native animal life,
etc. No other work on the plains country goes so meatily into
causes and effects.
WELLMAN, PAUL I. _The Trampling Herd_, Doubleday, Garden City,
N. Y., 1939; reissued, 1951. An attempt to sum up the story of
the cattle range in America.
WHITE, STEWART EDWARD. _Arizona Nights_, 1902. "Rawhide," one
of the stories in this excellent collection, utilizes folk
motifs about rawhide with much skill.
WILLIAMS, J. R. _Cowboys Out Our Way_, with an Introduction by
J. Frank Dobie, Scribner's, New York, 1951. An album
reproducing about two hundred of the realistic, humorous, and
human J. R. Williams syndicated cartoons. This book was
preceded by _Out Our Way_, New York, 1943, and includes
numerous cartoons therein printed. There was an earlier and
less extensive collection. Modest Jim Williams has been
progressively dissatisfied with all his cartoon books--and
with cartoons not in books. I like them and in my Introduction
say why.
WISTER, OWEN. _The Virginian_, 1902. Wister was an outsider
looking in. His hero, "The Virginian," is a cowboy without
cows--like the cowboys of Eugene Manlove Rhodes; but this hero
does not even smell of cows, whereas Rhodes's men do.
Nevertheless, the novel authentically realizes the code of the
range, and it makes such absorbing reading that in fifty years
(1902-52) it sold over 1,600,000 copies, not counting foreign
translations and paper reprints.
Wister was an urbane Harvard man, of clubs and travels. In
1952 the University of Wyoming celebrated the fiftieth
anniversary of the publication of _The Virginian_. To mark the
event, Frances K. W. Stokes wrote _My Father Owen Wister_, a
biographical pamphlet including "ten letters written to his
mother during his trip to Wyoming in 1885"--a trip that
prepared him to write the novel. The pamphlet is published at
Laramie, Wyoming, name of publisher not printed on it.
WRIGHT, PETER. _A Three-Foot Stool_, New York and
London, 1909. Like several other Englishmen who went west,
Wright had the perspective that enabled him to comprehend some
aspects of ranch life more fully than many range men who knew
nothing but their own environment and times. He compares the
cowboy to the cowherd described by Queen Elizabeth's Spenser.
Into exposition of ranching on the Gila, he interweaves talk
on Arabian afreets, Stevenson's philosophy of adventure, and
German imperialism.
WRIGHT, ROBERT M. _Dodge City, Cowboy Capital_, Wichita,
Kansas, 1913; reprinted. Good on the most cowboyish of all the
cow towns.
PAMPHLETS
Pamphlets are an important source of knowledge in all fields.
No first-class library is without them. Most of them become
difficult to obtain, and some bring higher prices than whole
sets of books. Of numerous pamphlets pertaining to the range,
only a few are listed here. _History of the Chisum War, or
Life of Ike Fridge_, by Ike Fridge, Electra, Texas (undated),
is as compact as jerked beef and as laconic as conversation in
alkali dust. James F. Hinkle, in his _Early Days of a Cowboy
on the Pecos_, Roswell, New Mexico, 1937, says: "One
noticeable characteristic of the cowpunchers was that they did
not talk much." Some people don't have to talk to say plenty.
Hinkle was one of them. At a reunion of trail drivers in San
Antonio in October, 1928, Fred S. Millard showed me his
laboriously written reminiscences. He wanted them printed. I
introduced him to J. Marvin Hunter of Bandera, Texas,
publisher of _Frontier Times_. I told Hunter not to ruin the
English by trying to correct it, as he had processed many of
the earth-born reminiscences in _The Trail Drivers of Texas_.
He printed Millard's _A Cowpuncher of the Pecos_ in pamphlet
form shortly thereafter. It begins: "This is a piece I wrote
for the Trail Drivers." They would understand some things on
which he was not explicit.
About 1940, as he told me, Bob Beverly of Lovington, New
Mexico, made a contract with the proprietor of the town's
weekly newspaper to print his reminiscences. By the time the
contractor had set eighty-seven pages of type he saw that he
would lose money if he set any more. He gave Bob Beverly back
more manuscript than he had used and stapled a pamphlet
entitled _Hobo of the Rangeland_. The philosophy in it is more
interesting to me than the incidents. "The cowboy of the old
West worked in a land that seemed to be grieving over
something--a kind of sadness, loneliness in a deathly quiet.
One not acquainted with the plains could not understand what
effect it had on the mind. It produced a heartache and a sense
of exile."
Crudely printed, but printed as the author talked, is _The End
of the Long Horn Trail_, by A. P. (Ott) Black, Selfridge,
North Dakota (August, 1939) . As I know from a letter from his
_compadre_, Black was blind and sixty-nine years old when he
dictated his memoirs to a college graduate who had sense
enough to retain the flavor. Black's history is badly botched,
but reading him is like listening. "It took two coons and an
alligator to spend the summer on that cotton plantation. . . .
Cowpunchers were superstitious about owls. One who rode into
my camp one night had killed a man somewhere and was on the
dodge. He was lying down by the side of the campfire when an
owl flew over into some hackberry trees close by and started
hooting. He got up from there right now, got his horse in,
saddled up and rode off into the night."
John Alley is--or was--a teacher. His _Memories of Roundup
Days_, University of Oklahoma Press, 1934 (just twenty small
pages), is an appraisal of range men, a criticism of life
seldom found in old-timers who look back. On the other hand,
some pamphlets prized by collectors had as well not have been
written. Here is the full title of an example: _An Aged
Wanderer, A Life Sketch of J. M. Parker, A Cowboy of the
Western Plains in the Early Days_. "Price 40 cents.
Headquarters, Elkhorn Wagon Yard, San Angelo, Texas." It was
printed about 1923. When Parker wrote it he was
senile, and there is no evidence that he was ever possessed of
intelligence. The itching to get into print does not guarantee
that the itcher has anything worth printing.
Some of the best reminiscences have been pried out of range
men. In 1914 the Wyoming Stock Growers Association resolved a
Historical Commission into existence. A committee was
appointed and, naturally, one man did the work. In 1923 a
fifty-five-page pamphlet entitled _Letters from Old Friends
and Members of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association_ was
printed at Cheyenne. It is made up of unusually informing and
pungent recollections by intelligent cowmen.
_22_
Cowboy Songs and Other Ballads
{illust. Lyrics =
Kind friends, if you will listen, A story I will tell A-
bout a final bust-up, That happened down in Dell.}
COWBOY SONGS and ballads are generally ranked alongside Negro
spirituals as being the most important of America's
contributions to folk song. As compared with the old English
and Scottish ballads, the cowboy and all other ballads of the
American frontiers generally sound cheap and shoddy. Since
John A. Lomax brought out his collection in 1910, cowboy songs
have found their way into scores of songbooks, have been
recorded on hundreds of records, and have been popularized,
often--and naturally--without any semblance to cowboy style,
by thousands of radio singers. Two general anthologies are
recommended especially for the cowboy songs they contain:
_American Ballads and Folk Songs_, by John A. and Alan Lomax,
Macmillan, New York, 1934; _The American Songbag_, by Carl
Sandburg, Harcourt, Brace, New York, 1927.
LARRIN, MARGARET. _Singing Cowboy_ (with music), New York,
1931. OP.
LOMAX, JOHN A., and LOMAX, ALAN. _Cowboy Songs and Other
Frontier Ballads_, Macmillan, New York, 1938. This is a much
added-to and revised form of Lomax's 1910 collec-
tion, under the same title. It is the most complete of all
anthologies. More than any other man, John A. Lomax is
responsible for having made cowboy songs a part of the common
heritage of America. His autobiographic _Adventures of a
Ballad Hunter_ (Macmillan, 1947) is in quality far above the
jingles that most cowboy songs are.
Missouri, as no other state, gave to the West and Southwest.
Much of Missouri is still more southwestern in character than
much of Oklahoma. For a full collection, with full treatment,
of the ballads and songs, including bad-man and cowboy songs,
sung in the Southwest there is nothing better than _Ozark
Folksongs_, collected and edited by Vance Randolph, State
Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, 1946-50. An
unsurpassed work in four handsome volumes.
OWENS, WILLIAM A. _Texas Folk Songs_, Southern Methodist
University Press, Dallas, 1950. A miscellany of British
ballads, American ballads, "songs of doleful love," etc.
collected in Texas mostly from country people of Anglo-
American stock. Musical scores for all the songs.
The Texas Folklore Society has published many cowboy songs.
Its publications _Texas and Southwestern Lore_ (1927) and
_Follow de Drinkin' Gou'd_ (1928) contain scores, with music
and anecdotal interpretations. Other volumes contain other
kinds of songs, including Mexican.
THORP, JACK (N. Howard). _Songs of the Cowboys_, Boston, 1921.
OP. Good, though limited, anthology, without music and with
illuminating comments. A pamphlet collection that Thorp
privately printed at Estancia, New Mexico, in 1908, was one of
the first to be published. Thorp had the perspective of both
range and civilization. He was a kind of troubadour himself.
The opening chapter, "Banjo in the Cow Camps," of his
posthumous reminiscences, _Pardner of the Wind, is_ delicious.
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