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Emile Gaboriau - "The Mystery of Orcival"

Sara Teasdale - "Helen of Troy And Other Poems"

Maxim Gorky - "Creatures That Once Were Men"

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A New Voyage to Carolina

J >> John Lawson >> A New Voyage to Carolina




These Sewees have been formerly a large Nation, though now
very much decreas'd, since the English hath seated their Land,
and all other Nations of Indians are observ'd to partake of the same Fate,
where the Europeans come, the Indians being a People
very apt to catch any Distemper they are afflicted withal;
the Small-Pox has destroy'd many thousands of these Natives,
who no sooner than they are attack'd with the violent Fevers,
and the Burning which attends that Distemper, fling themselves over Head
in the Water, in the very Extremity of the Disease; which shutting up
the Pores, hinders a kindly Evacuation of the pestilential Matter,
and drives it back; by which Means Death most commonly ensues;
not but in other Distempers which are epidemical, you may find among 'em
Practitioners that have extraordinary Skill and Success in removing
those morbifick Qualities which afflict 'em, not often going above 100 Yards
from their Abode for their Remedies, some of their chiefest Physicians
commonly carrying their Compliment of Drugs continually about them,
which are Roots, Barks, Berries, Nuts, &c. that are strung upon a Thread.
So like a Pomander, the Physician wears them about his Neck.
An Indian hath been often found to heal an English-man of a Malady,
for the Value of a Match-Coat; which the ablest of our English Pretenders
in America, after repeated Applications, have deserted the Patient
as incurable; God having furnish'd every Country with specifick Remedies
for their peculiar Diseases.

{Rum.}
Rum, a Liquor now so much in Use with them, that they will part with
the dearest Thing they have, to purchase it; and when they have got a little
in their Heads, are the impatients Creatures living, 'till they have enough
to make 'em quite drunk; and the most miserable Spectacles when they are so,
some falling into the Fires, burn their Legs or Arms, contracting the Sinews,
and become Cripples all their Life-time; others from Precipices break
their Bones and Joints, with abundance of Instances, yet none are so great
to deter them from that accurs'd Practice of Drunkenness, though sensible
how many of them (are by it) hurry'd into the other World before their Time,
as themselves oftentimes will confess. The Indians, I was now speaking of,
were not content with the common Enemies that lessen and destroy
their Country-men, but invented an infallible Stratagem to purge their Tribe,
and reduce their Multitude into far less Numbers. Their Contrivance was thus,
as a Trader amongst them inform'd me.

They seeing several Ships coming in, to bring the English Supplies
from Old England, one chief Part of their Cargo being for a Trade
with the Indians, some of the craftiest of them had observ'd,
that the Ships came always in at one Place, which made them very confident
that Way was the exact Road to England; and seeing so many Ships
come thence, they believ'd it could not be far thither,
esteeming the English that were among them, no better than Cheats,
and thought, if they could carry the Skins and Furs they got,
themselves to England, which were inhabited with a better Sort of People
than those sent amongst them, that then they should purchase
twenty times the Value for every Pelt they sold Abroad,
in Consideration of what Rates they sold for at Home. The intended Barter
was exceeding well approv'd of, and after a general Consultation
of the ablest Heads amongst them, it was, `Nemine Contradicente',
agreed upon, immediately to make an Addition of their Fleet,
by building more Canoes, and those to be of the best Sort,
and biggest Size, as fit for their intended Discovery. Some Indians
were employ'd about making the Canoes, others to hunting,
every one to the Post he was most fit for, all Endeavours tending towards
an able Fleet and Cargo for Europe. The Affair was carry'd on
with a great deal of Secrecy and Expedition, so as in a small Time
they had gotten a Navy, Loading, Provisions, and Hands ready
to set Sail, leaving only the Old, Impotent, and Minors at Home,
'till their successful Return. {They never hearing more of their Fleet.}
The Wind presenting, they set up their Mat-Sails, and were scarce
out of Sight, when there rose a Tempest, which it's suppos'd
carry'd one Part of these Indian Merchants, by Way of the other World,
whilst the others were taken up at Sea by an English Ship,
and sold for Slaves to the Islands. The Remainder are better satisfy'd
with their Imbecilities in such an Undertaking, nothing affronting them more,
than to rehearse their Voyage to England.

There being a strong Current in Santee-River, caus'd us to make
small Way with our Oars. With hard Rowing, we got that Night
to Mons. Eugee's House, which stands about fifteen Miles up the River,
being the first Christian dwelling we met withal in that Settlement,
and were very courteously receiv'd by him and his Wife.

Many of the French follow a Trade with the Indians,
living very conveniently for that Interest. There is about seventy Families
seated on this River, who live as decently and happily, as any Planters
in these Southward Parts of America. The French being
a temperate industrious People, some of them bringing very little of Effects,
yet by their Endeavours and mutual Assistance amongst themselves,
(which is highly to be commended) have out-stript our English,
who brought with 'em larger Fortunes, though (as it seems) less endeavour
to manage their Talent to the best Advantage. 'Tis admirable to see
what Time and Industry will (with God's Blessing) effect.
Carolina affording many strange Revolutions in the Age of a Man,
daily Instances presenting themselves to our View, of so many,
from despicable Beginnings, which in a short Time arrive
to very splended Conditions. Here Propriety hath a large Scope,
there being no strict Laws to bind our Privileges. A Quest after Game,
being as freely and peremptorily enjoy'd by the meanest Planter,
as he that is the highest in Dignity, or wealthiest in the Province.
Deer, and other Game that are naturally wild, being not immur'd,
or preserv'd within Boundaries, to satisfy the Appetite of the Rich alone.
A poor Labourer, that is Master of his Gun, &c. hath as good a Claim
to have continu'd Coarses of Delicacies crouded upon his Table,
as he that is Master of a greater Purse.

We lay all that Night at Mons. Eugee's, and the next Morning
set out farther, to go the Remainder of our Voyage by Land:
At ten a Clock we pass'd over a narrow, deep Swamp, having left
the three Indian Men and one Woman, that had pilotted the Canoe
from Ashly-River, having hir'd a Sewee-Indian, a tall, lusty Fellow,
who carry'd a Pack of our Cloaths, of great Weight;
notwithstanding his Burden, we had much a-do to keep pace with him.
At Noon we came up with several French Plantations, meeting with
several Creeks by the Way, the French were very officious
in assisting with their small Dories to pass over these Waters,
(whom we met coming from their Church) being all of them
very clean and decent in their Apparel; their Houses and Plantations
suitable in Neatness and Contrivance. They are all of the same Opinion
with the Church of Geneva, there being no Difference amongst them
concerning the Punctilio's of their Christian Faith; which Union
hath propagated a happy and delightful Concord in all other Matters
throughout the whole Neighbourhood; living amongst themselves as one Trible,
or Kindred, every one making it his Business to be assistant
to the Wants of his Country-man, preserving his Estate and Reputation
with the same Exactness and Concern as he does his own; all seeming
to share in the Misfortunes, and rejoyce at the Advance, and Rise,
of their Brethren.

Towards the Afternoon, we came to Mons. L'Jandro, where we got our Dinner;
there coming some French Ladies whilst we were there,
who were lately come from England, and Mons. L'Grand, a worthy Norman,
who hath been a great Sufferer in his Estate, by the Persecution in France,
against those of the Protestant Religion: This Gentleman very kindly
invited us to make our Stay with him all Night, but we being intended farther
that Day, took our Leaves, returning Acknowledgments of their Favours.

About 4 in the Afternoon, we pass'd over a large Ciprus run
in a small Canoe; the French Doctor sent his Negro to guide us
over the Head of a large Swamp; so we got that Night
to Mons. Galliar's the elder, who lives in a very curious contriv'd House,
built of Brick and Stone, which is gotten near that Place. Near here comes in
the Road from Charles-Town, and the rest of the English Settlement,
it being a very good Way by Land, and not above 36 Miles,
altho' more than 100 by Water; and I think the most difficult Way I ever saw,
occasion'd by Reason of the multitude of Creeks lying along the Main,
keeping their Course thro' the Marshes, turning and winding
like a Labyrinth, having the Tide of Ebb and Flood twenty Times
in less than three Leagues going.

{Monday.}
The next Morning very early, we ferry'd over a Creek that runs near the House;
and, after an Hour's Travel in the Woods, we came to the River-side,
where we stay'd for the Indian, who was our Guide, and was gone round
by Water in a small Canoe, to meet us at that Place we rested at.
He came after a small Time, and ferry'd us in that little Vessel
over Santee River 4 Miles, and 84 Miles in the Woods,
which the over-flowing of the Freshes, which then came down,
had made a perfect Sea of, there running an incredible Current in the River,
which had cast our small Craft, and us, away, had we not had
this Sewee Indian with us; who are excellent Artists in managing
these small Canoes.

Santee River, at this Time, (from the usual Depth of Water)
was risen perpendicular 36 Foot, always making a Breach from her Banks,
about this Season of the Year: The general Opinion of the Cause thereof,
is suppos'd to proceed from the overflowing of fresh Water-Lakes
that lie near the Head of this River, and others, upon the same Continent:
But my Opinion is, that these vast Inundations proceed from
the great and repeated Quantities of Snow that falls upon the Mountains,
which lie at so great a Distance from the Sea, therefore they have
no Help of being dissolv'd by those saline, piercing Particles,
as other adjacent Parts near the Ocean receive; and therefore
lies and increases to a vast Bulk, until some mild Southerly Breezes
coming on a sudden, continue to unlock these frozen Bodies,
congeal'd by the North-West Wind, dissipating them in Liquids;
and coming down with Impetuosity, fills those Branches that feed these Rivers,
and causes this strange Deluge, which oft-times lays under Water
the adjacent Parts on both Sides this Current, for several Miles distant
from her Banks; tho' the French and Indians affir'm'd to me,
they never knew such an extraordinary Flood there before.

We all, by God's Blessing, and the Endeavours of our Indian-Pilot,
pass'd safe over the River, but was lost in the Woods, which seem'd like
some great Lake, except here and there a Knowl of high Land,
which appear'd above Water.

We intended for Mons. Galliar's, jun', but was lost, none of us
knowing the Way at that Time, altho' the Indian was born in that Country,
it having receiv'd so strange a Metamorphosis. We were in several Opinions
concerning the right Way, the Indian and my self, suppos'd the House
to bear one Way, the rest thought to the contrary; we differing,
it was agreed on amongst us, that one half should go with the Indian
to find the House, and the other part to stay upon one of these dry Spots,
until some of them return'd to us, and inform'd us where it lay.

My self and two more were left behind, by Reason the Canoe
would not carry us all; we had but one Gun amongst us, one Load of Ammunition,
and no Provision. Had our Men in the Canoe miscarry'd,
we must (in all Probability) there have perish'd.

In about six Hours Time, from our Mens Departure, the Indian came back to us
in the same Canoe he went in, being half drunk, which assur'd us
they had found some Place of Refreshment. He took us three into the Canoe,
telling us all was well: Padling our Vessel several Miles thro' the Woods,
being often half full of Water; but at length we got safe to the Place
we sought for, which prov'd to lie the same Way the Indian and I
guess'd it did.

When we got to the House, we found our Comrades in the same Trim
the Indian was in, and several of the French Inhabitants with them,
who treated us very courteously, wondering at our undertaking such a Voyage,
thro' a Country inhabited by none but Savages, and them of so different
Nations and Tongues.

After we had refresh'd our selves, we parted from a very kind, loving,
and affable People, who wish'd us a safe and prosperous Voyage.

Hearing of a Camp of Santee Indians not far of, we set out
intending to take up our Quarters with them that Night. There being
a deep Run of Water in the Way, one of our Company being top-heavy,
and there being nothing but a small Pole for a Bridge, over a Creek,
fell into the Water up to the Chin; my self laughing at the Accident,
and not taking good Heed to my Steps, came to the same Misfortune:
All our Bedding was wet. The Wind being at N.W. it froze very hard,
which prepar'd such a Night's Lodging for me, that I never desire
to have the like again; the wet Bedding and freezing Air
had so qualify'd our Bodies, that in the Morning when we awak'd,
we were nigh frozen to Death, until we had recruited our selves
before a large Fire of the Indians.

{Tuesday.}
Tuesday Morning we set towards the Congerees, leaving the Indian Guide
Scipio drunk amongst the Santee-Indians. We went ten Miles
out of our Way, to head a great Swamp, the Freshes having fill'd them all
with such great Quantities of Water, that the usual Paths
were render'd unpassable. We met in our Way with an Indian Hut,
where we were entertain'd with a fat, boil'd Goose, Venison, Racoon,
and ground Nuts. We made but little Stay; about Noon, we pass'd by
several large Savannah's, wherein is curious Ranges for Cattel,
being green all the Year; they were plentifully stor'd with Cranes,
Geese, &c. and the adjacent Woods with great Flocks of Turkies.
This Day we travell'd about 30 Miles, and lay all Night at a House
which was built for the Indian Trade, the Master thereof
we had parted with at the French Town, who gave us Leave
to make use of his Mansion. Such Houses are common in these Parts,
and especially where there is Indian Towns, and Plantations near at hand,
which this Place is well furnish'd withal.

These Santee-Indians are a well-humour'd and affable People;
and living near the English, are become very tractable.
They make themselves Cribs after a very curious Manner,
wherein they secure their Corn from Vermin; which are more frequent
in these warm Climates, than Countries more distant from the Sun.
These pretty Fabricks are commonly supported with eight Feet or Posts,
about seven Foot high from the Ground, well daub'd within and without
upon Laths, with Loom or Clay, which makes them tight, and fit to keep out
the smallest Insect, there being a small Door at the gable End,
which is made of the same Composition, and to be remov'd at Pleasure,
being no bigger, than that a slender Man may creep in at,
cementing the Door up with the same Earth, when they take Corn
out of the Crib, and are going from Home, always finding their Granaries
in the same Posture they left them; Theft to each other being
altogether unpractis'd, never receiving Spoils but from Foreigners.

Hereabouts the Ground is something higher than about Charles-Town,
there being found some Quarries of brown free Stone, which I have seen
made Use of for Building, and hath prov'd very durable and good.
The Earth here is mix'd with white Gravel, which is rare,
there being nothing like a Stone to be found, of the natural Produce,
near to Ashly-River.

{Wednesday.}
The next Day about Noon we came to the Side of a great Swamp,
where we were forc'd to strip our selves to get over it,
which, with much Difficulty, we effected. {Septem. 5. 1700.}
Hereabouts the late Gust of Wind, which happen'd in September last,
had torn the large Ciprus-Trees and Timbers up by the Roots,
they lying confusedly in their Branches, did block up the Way,
making the Passage very difficult.

This Night we got to one Scipio's Hutt, a famous Hunter:
There was no Body at Home; but we having (in our Company)
one that had us'd to trade amongst them, we made our selves welcome
to what his Cabin afforded, (which is a Thing common)
the Indians allowing it practicable to the English Traders,
to take out of their Houses what they need in their Absence,
in Lieu whereof they most commonly leave some small Gratuity of Tobacco,
Paint, Beads, &c. We found great Store of Indian Peas, (a very good Pulse)
Beans, Oyl, Thinkapin Nuts, Corn, barbacu'd Peaches, and Peach-Bread;
which Peaches being made into a Quiddony, and so made up into Loves
like Barley-Cakes, these cut into thin Slices, and dissolv'd in Water,
makes a very grateful Acid, and extraordinary beneficial in Fevers,
as hath often been try'd, and approv'd on by our English Practitioners.
The Wind being at N.W. with cold Weather, made us make a large Fire
in the Indian's Cabin; being very intent upon our Cookery,
we set the Dwelling on Fire, and with much ado, put it out,
tho' with the Loss of Part of the Roof.

{Thursday.}
The next Day we travell'd on our Way, and about Noon came up
with a Settlement of Santee Indians, there being Plantations
lying scattering here and there, for a great many Miles.
They came out to meet us, being acquainted with one of our Company,
and made us very welcome with fat barbacu'd Venison,
which the Woman of the Cabin took and tore in Pieces with her Teeth,
so put it into a Mortar, beating it to Rags, afterwards stews it with Water,
and other Ingredients, which makes a very savoury Dish.

At these Cabins came to visit us the King of the Santee Nation.
He brought with him their chief Doctor or Physician, who was warmly and neatly
clad with a Match-Coat, made of Turkies Feathers, which makes a pretty Shew,
seeming as if it was a Garment of the deepest silk Shag.
This Doctor had the Misfortune to lose his Nose by the Pox,
which Disease the Indians often get by the English Traders
that use amongst them; not but the Natives of America have for many Ages
(by their own Confession) been afflicted with a Distemper
much like the Lues Venerea, which hath all the Symptoms of the Pox,
being different in this only; for I never could learn,
that this Country-Distemper, or Yawes, is begun or continu'd
with a Gonorrhoea; yet is attended with nocturnal Pains in the Limbs,
and commonly makes such a Progress, as to vent Part of the Matter by Botches,
and several Ulcers in the Body, and other Parts; oftentimes Death ensuing.
I have known mercurial Unguents and Remedies work a Cure,
following the same Methods as in the Pox; several white People,
but chiefly the Criolo's, losing their Palates and Noses
by this devouring Vulture.

It is epidemical, visiting these Parts of America, which is often occasion'd
thro' the immoderate drinking of Rum, by those that commonly drink Water
at other Times, cold Nights Lodging, and bad open Houses, and more chiefly
by often wetting the Feet, and eating such Quantities of Pork as they do,
which is a gross Food, and a great Propagator of such Juices
as it often meets withal in human Bodies, once tainted with this Malady;
which may differently (in some Respects) act its Tragedy;
the Change being occasion'd by the Difference of Climates and Bodies,
as in Europe. We being well enough assur'd that the Pox had its first Rise
(known to us) in this new World, it being caught of the Indian Women,
by the Spanish Soldiers that follow'd Columbus in one of his Expeditions
to America; who after their Arrival in Old Spain, were hasten'd
to the Relief of Naples, at that Time besieg'd by the French.
Provisions growing scarce, the useless People were turn'd out of the City,
to lessen the Mouths; amongst these, the Curtesans were one Part,
who had frequently embrac'd the Spaniards, being well fraught with Riches
by their new Discovery. The Leager Ladies had no sooner lost
their Spanish Dons, but found themselves as well entertain'd
by the French, whose Camp they traded in, giving the Mounsieurs
as large a Share of the pocky Spoils within their own Lines,
as the Spaniards had, who took the Pains to bring it in their Breeches
as far as from America; the large Supplies of Swines Flesh,
which that Army was chiefly victuall'd withal, made it rage.
The Siege was rais'd; the French and Spaniards retreating to Flanders,
which was a Parrade of all Nations; by which Means, this filthy Distemper
crowded it self into most Nations of the known World.

Now to return to our Doctor, who in the Time of his Affliction
withdrew himself (with one that labour'd under the same Distemper)
into the Woods. These two perfected their Cures by
proper Vegitables, &c. of which they have Plenty, and are well acquainted
with their specifick Virtue.

I have seen such admirable Cures perform'd by these Savages, which would
puzzle a great many graduate Practitioners to trace their Steps in Healing,
with the same Expedition, Ease, and Success; using no racking Instruments
in their Chirurgery, nor nice Rules of Diet and Physick, to verify the Saying,
`qui Medice vivit, misere vivit'. In Wounds which penetrate deep,
and seem mortal, they order a spare Diet, with drinking Fountain-water;
if they perceive a white Matter, or Pus to arise, they let the Patient
more at large, and presently cure him.

After these two had perform'd their Cures at no easier Rate
than the Expence of both their Noses, coming again amongst
their old Acquaintance so disfigur'd, the Indians admir'd to see them
metamorphos'd after that manner; enquir'd of them where they had been
all that Time, and what were become of their Noses? They made Answer,
That they had been conversing with the white Man above,
(meaning God Almighty) how they were very kindly entertain'd
by that Great Being; he being much pleas'd with their Ways,
and had promis'd to make their Capacities equal with the white People
in making Guns, Ammunition, &c. in Retalliation of which,
they had given him their Noses. The Verity of which, they yet hold,
the Indians being an easy, credulous People, and most notoriously cheated
by their Priests and Conjurers, both Trades meeting ever in one Person,
and most commonly a Spice of Quackship added to the other two Ingredients,
which renders that cunning Knave the Impostor to be more rely'd upon;
thence a fitter Instrument to cheat these ignorant People;
the Priest and Conjurers being never admitted to their Practice,
'till Years and the Experience of repeated Services hath wrought their Esteem
amongst the Nations they belong to.

The Santee King, who was in Company with this No-nos'd Doctor,
is the most absolute Indian Ruler in these Parts, although he is Head
but of a small People, in Respect to some other Nations of Indians,
that I have seen: He can put any of his People to Death that hath committed
any Fault which he judges worthy of so great a Punishment.
This Authority is rarely found amongst these Savages,
for they act not (commonly) by a determinative Voice in their Laws,
towards any one that hath committed Murder, or such other great Crime,
but take this Method; him to whom the Injury was done, or if dead,
the nearest of his Kindred prosecutes by Way of an actual Revenge,
being himself, if Opportunity serves his Intent, both Judge and Executioner,
performing so much Mischief on the Offender, or his nearest Relation,
until such Time that he is fully satisfy'd: Yet this Revenge
is not so infallible, but it may be bought off with Beads, Tobacco,
and such like Commodities that are useful amongst them,
though it were the most sable Villany that could be acted by Mankind.

Some that attended the King, presented me with an odoriferous, balsamick Root,
of a fragrant Smell and Taste, the Name I know not; they chew it in the Mouth,
and by that simple Application, heal desperate Wounds both green and old;
that small Quantity I had, was given inwardly to those troubl'd
with the Belly-ach, which Remedy fail'd not to give present Help,
the Pain leaving the Patient soon after they had taken the Root.

Near to these Cabins are several Tombs made after the manner
of these Indians; the largest and the chiefest of them
was the Sepulchre of the late Indian King of the Santees,
a Man of great Power, not only amongst his own Subjects,
but dreaded by the neighbouring Nations for his great Valour and Conduct,
having as large a Prerogative in his Way of Ruling, as the present King
I now spoke of.

The manner of their Interment, is thus: A Mole or Pyramid of Earth
is rais'd, the Mould thereof being work'd very smooth and even,
sometimes higher or lower, according to the Dignity of the Person
whose Monument it is. On the Top thereof is an Umbrella, made Ridge-ways,
like the Roof of an House; this is supported by nine Stakes, or small Posts,
the Grave being about six or eight Foot in Length, and four Foot in Breadth;
about it is hung Gourds, Feathers, and other such like Trophies,
plac'd there by the dead Man's Relations, in Respect to him in the Grave.
The other Part of the Funeral-Rites are thus, As soon as the Party is dead,
they lay the Corps upon a Piece of Bark in the Sun, seasoning or embalming it
with a small Root beaten to Powder, which looks as red as Vermilion;
the same is mix'd with Bear's Oil, to beautify the Hair,
and preserve their Heads from being lousy, it growing plentifully
in these Parts of America. After the Carcass has laid a Day or two
in the Sun, they remove and lay it upon Crotches cut on purpose
for the Support thereof from the Earth; then they anoint it all over
with the fore-mention'd Ingredients of the Powder of this Root,
and Bear's Oil. When it is so done, they cover it very exactly over
with Bark of the Pine or Cyprus Tree, to prevent any Rain to fall upon it,
sweeping the Ground very clean all about it. Some of his nearest of Kin
brings all the temporal Estate he was possess'd of at his Death,
as Guns, Bows, and Arrows, Beads, Feathers, Match-coat, &c. This Relation
is the chief Mourner, being clad in Moss, and a Stick in his Hand,
keeping a mournful Ditty for three or four Days, his Face being black
with the Smoak of Pitch, Pine, mingl'd with Bear's Oil. All the while
he tells the dead Man's Relations, and the rest of the Spectators,
who that dead Person was, and of the great Feats perform'd in his Life-time;
all what he speaks, tending to the Praise of the Defunct.
As soon as the Flesh grows mellow, and will cleave from the Bone,
they get it off, and burn it, making all the Bones very clean,
then anoint them with the Ingredients aforesaid, wrapping up the Skull
(very carefully) in a Cloath artificially woven of Possums Hair.
(These Indians make Girdles, Sashes, Garters, &c. after the same Manner.)
The Bones they carefully preserve in a wooden Box, every Year
oiling and cleansing them: By these Means preserve them for many Ages,
that you may see an Indian in Possession of the Bones of his Grand-father,
or some of his Relations of a larger Antiquity. They have other
Sorts of Tombs; as where an Indian is slain, in that very Place
they make a Heap of Stones, (or Sticks, where Stones are not to be found;)
to this Memorial, every Indian that passes by, adds a Stone,
to augment the Heap, in Respect to the deceas'd Hero.

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