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THE STORY OF THE MORMONS: FROM THE DATE OF THEIR ORIGIN TO THE
YEAR 1901

by WILLIAM ALEXANDER LINN

PREFACE

No chapter of American history has remained so long unwritten as
that which tells the story of the Mormons. There are many books
on the subject, histories written under the auspices of the
Mormon church, which are hopelessly biased as well as incomplete;
more trustworthy works which cover only certain periods; and
books in the nature of "exposures by former members of the
church, which the Mormons attack as untruthful, and which rest,
in the minds of the general reader, under a suspicion of personal
bias. Mormonism, therefore, to-day suggests to most persons only
one doctrine--polygamy--and only one leader--Brigham Young, who
made his name familiar to the present generations. Joseph Smith,
Jr., is known, where known at all, only in the most general way
as the founder of the sect, while the real originator of the
whole scheme for a new church and of its doctrines and
government, Sidney Rigdon, is known to few persons even by name.

The object of the present work is to present a consecutive
history of the Mormons, from the day of their origin to the
present writing, and as a secular, not as a religious, narrative.
The search has been for facts, not for moral deductions, except
as these present themselves in the course of the story. Since the
usual weapon which the heads of the Mormon church use to meet
anything unfavorable regarding their organization or leaders is a
general denial, this narrative has been made to rest largely on
Mormon sources of information. It has been possible to follow
this plan a long way because many of the original Mormons left
sketches that have been preserved. Thus we have Mother Smith's
picture of her family and of the early days of the church; the
Prophet's own account of the revelation to him of the golden
plates, of his followers' early experiences, and of his own
doings, almost day by day, to the date of his death, written with
an egotist's appreciation of his own part in the play; other
autobiographies, like Parley P. Pratt's and Lorenzo Snow's; and,
finally, the periodicals which the church issued in Ohio, in
Missouri, in Illinois, and in England, and the official reports
of the discourses preached in Utah,--all showing up, as in a
mirror, the character of the persons who gave this Church of
Latter Day Saints its being and its growth.

In regard to no period of Mormon history is there such a lack of
accurate information as concerning that which covers their moves
to Ohio, thence to Missouri, thence to Illinois, and thence to
Utah. Their own excuse for all these moves is covered by the one
word "persecution" (meaning persecution on account of their
religious belief), and so little has the non-Mormon world known
about the subject that this explanation has scarcely been
challenged. Much space is given to these early migrations, as in
this way alone can a knowledge be acquired of the real character
of the constituency built up by Smith in Ohio, and led by him
from place to place until his death, and then to Utah by Brigham
Young.

Any study of the aims and objects of the Mormon leaders must rest
on the Mormon Bible ("Book of Mormon") and on the "Doctrine and
Covenants," the latter consisting principally of the
"revelations" which directed the organization of the church and
its secular movements. In these alone are spread out the original
purpose of the migration to Missouri and the instructions of
Smith to his followers regarding their assumed rights to the
territory they were to occupy; and without a knowledge of these
"revelations" no fair judgment can be formed of the justness of
the objections of the people of Missouri and Illinois to their
new neighbors. If the fraudulent character of the alleged
revelation to Smith of golden plates can be established, the
foundation of the whole church scheme crumbles. If Rigdon's
connection with Smith in the preparation of the Bible by the use
of the "Spaulding manuscript" can be proved, the fraud itself is
established. Considerable of the evidence on this point herein
brought together is presented at least in new shape, and an
adequate sketch of Sidney Rigdon is given for the first time. The
probable service of Joachim's "Everlasting Gospel," as suggesting
the story of the revelation of the plates, has been hitherto
overlooked.

A few words with regard to some of the sources of information
quoted:

"Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith and his Progenitors for
Many Generations" ("Mother Smith's History," as this book has
been generally called) was first published in 1853 by the Mormon
press in Liverpool, with a preface by Orson Pratt recommending
it; and the Millennial Star (Vol. XV, p. 682) said of it: "Being
written by Lucy Smith, the mother of the Prophet, and mostly
under his inspiration, will be ample guarantee for the
authenticity of the narrative.... Altogether the work is one of
the most interesting that has appeared in this latter
dispensation." Brigham Young, however, saw how many of its
statements told against the church, and in a letter to the
Millennial Star (Vol. XVII, p. 298), dated January 31, 1858, he
declared that it contained "many mistakes," and said that "should
it ever be deemed best to publish these sketches, it will not be
done until after they are carefully corrected." The preface to
the edition of 1890, published by the Reorganized Church at
Plano, Illinois, says that Young ordered the suppression of the
first edition, and that "under this order large numbers were
destroyed, few being preserved, some of which fell into the hands
of those now with the Reorganized Church. For this destruction we
see no adequate reason. "James J. Strang, in a note to his
pamphlet, "Prophetic Controversy," says that Mrs. Corey (to whom
the pamphlet is addressed) "wrote the history of the Smiths
called 'Mother Smith's History.'" Mrs. Smith was herself quite
incapable of putting her recollections into literary shape.

The autobiography of Joseph Smith, Jr., under the title "History
of Joseph Smith," began as a supplement to Volume XIV of the
Millennial Star, and ran through successive volumes to Volume
XXIV. The matter in the supplement and in the earlier numbers was
revised and largely written by Rigdon. The preparation of the
work began after he and Smith settled in Nauvoo, Illinois. In his
last years Smith rid himself almost entirely of Rigdon's counsel,
and the part of the autobiography then written takes the form of
a diary which unmasks Smith's character as no one else could do.
Most of the correspondence and official documents relating to the
troubles in Missouri and Illinois are incorporated in this
work.

Of the greatest value to the historian are the volumes of the
Mormon publications issued at Kirtland, Ohio; Independence,
Missouri; Nauvoo, Illinois; and Liverpool, England. The first of
these, Evening and Morning Star (a monthly, twenty-four numbers),
started at Independence and transferred to Kirtland, covers the
period from June, 1832, to September, 1834; its successor, the
Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate, was issued at Kirtland
from 1834 to 1837. This was followed by the Elders' journal,
which was transferred from Kirtland to Far West, Missouri, and
was discontinued when the Saints were compelled to leave that
state. Times and Seasons was published at Nauvoo from 1839 to
1845. Files of these publications are very scarce, the volumes of
the Times and Seasons having been suppressed, so far as possible,
by Brigham Young's order. The publication of the Millennial Star
was begun in Liverpool in May, 1840, and is still continued. The
early volumes contain the official epistles of the heads of the
church to their followers, Smith's autobiography, correspondence
describing the early migrations and the experiences in Utah, and
much other valuable material, the authenticity of which cannot be
disputed by the Mormons. In the Journal of Discourses (issued
primarily for circulation in Europe) are found official reports
of the principal discourses (or sermons) delivered in Salt Lake
City during Young's regime. Without this official sponsor for the
correctness of these reports, many of them would doubtless be
disputed by the Mormons of to-day.

The earliest non-Mormon source of original information quoted is
"Mormonism Unveiled," by E. D. Howe (Painesville, Ohio, 1834).
Mr. Howe, after a newspaper experience in New York State, founded
the Cleveland (Ohio) Herald in 1819, and later the Painesville
(Ohio) Telegraph. Living near the scene of the Mormon activity in
Ohio when they moved to that state, and desiring to ascertain the
character of the men who were proclaiming a new Bible and a new
church, he sent agents to secure such information among the
Smiths' old acquaintances in New York and Pennsylvania, and made
inquiries on kindred subjects, like the "Spaulding manuscript."
His book was the first serious blow that Smith and his associates
encountered, and their wrath against it and its author was
fierce.

Pomeroy Tucker, the author of "Origin and Progress of the
Mormons" (New York, 1867), was personally acquainted with the
Smiths and with Harris and Cowdery before and after the
appearance of the Mormon Bible. He read a good deal of the proof
of the original edition of that book as it was going through the
press, and was present during many of the negotiations with
Grandin about its publication. His testimony in regard to early
matters connected with the church is important.

Two non-Mormons who had an early view of the church in Utah and
who put their observations in book form were B. G. Ferris ("Utah
and the Mormons," New York, 1854 and 1856) and Lieutenant J. W.
Gunnison of the United States Topographical Engineers ("The
Mormons," Philadelphia, 1856). Both of these works contain
interesting pictures of life in Utah in those early days.

There are three comprehensive histories of Utah,--H. H.
Bancroft's "History of Utah" (p. 889), Tullidge's "History of
Salt Lake City" (p. 886), and Orson F. Whitney's "History of
Utah," in four volumes, three of which, dated respectively March,
1892, April, 1893, and January, 1898, have been issued. The
Reorganized Church has also published a "History of the Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" in three volumes. While
Bancroft's work professes to be written from a secular
standpoint, it is really a church production, the preparation of
the text having been confided to Mormon hands. "We furnished Mr.
Bancroft with his material," said a prominent Mormon church
officer to me. Its plan is to give the Mormon view in the text,
and to refer the reader for the other side to a mass of
undigested notes, and its principal value to the student consists
in its references to other authorities. Its general tone may be
seen in its declaration that those who have joined the church to
expose its secrets are "the most contemptible of all"; that those
who have joined it honestly and, discovering what company they
have got into, have given the information to the world, would far
better have gone their way and said nothing about it; and, as to
polygamy, that "those who waxed the hottest against" the practice
"are not as a rule the purest of our people" (p. 361); and that
the Edmunds Law of 1882 "capped the climax of absurdity" (p.
683).

Tullidge wrote his history after he had taken part in the "New
Movement." In it he brought together a great deal of information,
including the text of important papers, which is necessary to an
understanding of the growth and struggles of the church. The work
was censored by a committee appointed by the Mormon
authorities.

Bishop Whitney's history presents the pro-Mormon view of the
church throughout. It is therefore wholly untrustworthy as a
guide to opinion on the subjects treated, but, like Tullidge's,
it supplies a good deal of material which is useful to the
student who is prepared to estimate its statements at their true
value.

The acquisition by the New York Public Library of the Berrian
collection of books, early newspapers, and pamphlets on
Mormonism, with the additions constantly made to this collection,
places within the reach of the student all the material that is
necessary for the formation of the fairest judgment on the
subject.

W. A. L. HACKENSACK, N. J., 1901.

CONTENTS

BOOK I. THE MORMON ORIGIN

CHAPTER I. FACILITY OF HUMAN BELIEF: The Real Miracle of Mormon
Success--Effrontery of the Leaders' Professions--Attractiveness
of Religious Beliefs to Man--Wherein the World does not make
Progress--The Anglo-Saxon Appetite for Religious Novelties

CHAPTER II. THE SMITH FAMILY: Solomon Mack and his Autobiography
--Religious Characteristics of the Prophet's Mother--The Family
Life in Vermont--Early Occupations in New York State--Pictures of
the Prophet as a Youth--Recollections of the Smiths by their New
York Neighbors

CHAPTER III. HOW JOSEPH SMITH BECAME A MONEY-DIGGER: His Use of a
Divining Rod--His First Introduction to Crystal-gazing--Peeping
after Hidden Treasure--How Joseph obtained his own "Peek-stone"--
Methods of Midnight Money-digging

CHAPTER IV. FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE GOLDEN BIBLE: Variations in
the Early Descriptions--Joseph's Acquaintance with the Hales--His
Elopement and Marriage--What he told a Neighbor about the Origin
of his Bible Discovery--Early Anecdotes about the Book

CHAPTER V. THE DIFFERENT ACCOUNTS OF THE REVELATION OF THE BIBLE:
The Versions about the Spanish Guardian--Important Statement by
the Prophet's Father--The Later Account in the Prophet's
Autobiography--The Angel Visitor and the Acquisition of the
Plates--Mother Smith's Version

CHAPTER VI. TRANSLATION AND PUBLICATION OF THE BIBLE: Martin
Harris's Connection with the Work--Smith's Removal to
Pennsylvania --How the Translation was carried on--Harris's Visit
to Professor Anthon--The Professor's Account of his Visit--The
Lost Pages--The Prophet's Predicament and his Method of
Escape--Oliver Cowdery as an Assistant Translator--Introduction
of the Whitmers--The Printing and Proof--reading of the New
Bible--Recollections of Survivors

CHAPTER VII. THE SPAULDING MANUSCRIPT: Solomon Spaulding's
Career--History of "The Manuscript Found"--Statements by Members
of the Author's Family--Testimony of Spaulding's Ohio Neighbors
about the Resemblance of his Story to the Book of Mormon--The
Manuscript found in the Sandwich Islands

CHAPTER VIII. SIDNEY RIGDON: His Biography--Connection with the
Campbells--Efficient Church Work in Ohio--His Jealousy of his
Church Leaders--Disciples' Beliefs and Mormon Doctrines--
Intimations about a New Bible--Rigdon's First Connection with
Smith--The Rigdon-Smith Translation of the Scriptures--Rigdon's
Conversion to Mormonism

CHAPTER IX. "THE EVERLASTING GOSPEL": Probable Origin of the Idea
of a Bible on Plates--Cyril's Gift from an Angel and Joachim's
Use of it--Where Rigdon could have obtained the Idea Prominence
of the "Everlasting Gospel" in Mormon Writings

CHAPTER X. THE WITNESSES TO THE PLATES: Text of the Two
"Testimonies"--The Prophet's Explanation of the First--Early
Reputation and Subsequent History of the Signers--The Truth about
the Kinderhook Plates and Rafinesque's Glyphs

CHAPTER XI. THE MORMON BIBLE: Some of its Errors and
Absurdities--Facsimile of the First Edition Title-page--The
Historical Narrative of the Book--Its Lack of Literary
Style--Appropriated Chapters of the Scriptures--Specimen
Anachronisms

CHAPTER XII. ORGANIZATION OF THE CHURCH: Smith's Ordination by
John the Baptist--The First Baptisms--Early Branches of the
Church--The Revelation about Church Officers--Cowdery's Ambition
and How it was Repressed--Smith's Title as Seer, Translator, and
Prophet--His Arrest and Release--Arrival of Parley P. Platt and
Rigdon in Palmyra--The Command to remove to Ohio

CHAPTER XIII. THE MORMONS' BELIEFS AND DOCTRINES--CHURCH
GOVERNMENT: Long Years of Apostasy--Origin of the Name "Mormon"
--Original Titles of the Church--Belief in a Speedy Millennium--
The Future Possession of the Earth--Smith's Revelations and how
they were obtained--The First Published Editions--Counterfeit
Revealers--What is Taught of God--Brigham Young's Adam Sermon--
Baptism for the Dead--The Church Officers

BOOK II. IN OHIO

CHAPTER I. THE FIRST CONVERTS AT KIRTLAND: Original Missionaries
sent out to the Lamanites--Organization of a Church in Ohio--
Effect of Rigdon's Conversion--General Interest in the New Bible
and Prophet--How Men of Education came to believe in Mormonism--
Result of the Upturning of Religious Belief

CHAPTER II. WILD VAGARIES OF THE CONVERTS: Convulsions and
Commissions--Common Religious Excitements of those Days--
Description of the "Jerks"--Smith's Repressing Influence

CHAPTER III. GROWTH OF THE CHURCH: The Appointment of Elders--
Beginning of the Proselyting System--Smith's Power Entrenched--
His Temporal Provision--Repression of Rigdon--The Tarring and
Feathering of Smith and Rigdon--Treatment of the Mormons and of
Other New Denominations compared--Rigdon's Punishment

CHAPTER IV. GIFTS OF TONGUES AND MIRACLES: How Persons "Spoke in
Tongues"--Seeing the Lord Face to Face--Early Use of Miracles--
The Story of the "Book of Abraham"--The Prophet as a Translator
of Greek and Egyptian.

CHAPTER V. SMITH'S OHIO BUSINESS ENTERPRISES: Young's Picture of
the Prophet's Experience as a Retail Merchant--The Land
Speculation--Laying out of the City--Building of the Temple--
Consecration of Property--How the Leaders looked out for
themselves--Amusing Explanation of Section III of the "Doctrine
and Covenants"--The Story of the Kirtland Bank--The Church View
of its Responsibility for the Currency--The Business Crash and
Smith's Flight to Missouri

CHAPTER VI. LAST DAYS AT KIRTLAND: Pictures of the Prophet--
Accusations against Church Leaders in Missouri--Serious Charge
against the Prophet--W. W, Phelps's Rebellion--Smith's
Description of Leading Lights of the Church--Charges concerning
Smith's Morality--The Church accused of practising Polygamy--A
Lively Fight at a Church Service--Smith's and Rigdon's Defence of
their Conduct--The Later History of Kirtland

BOOK III. IN MISSOURI

CHAPTER I. THE DIRECTIONS TO THE SAINTS ABOUT THEIR ZION: Western
Missouri in the Early Days--Pioneer Farming and Home-making--The
Trip of the Four Mormon Missionaries--Direction about the
Gathering of the Elect--How they were to possess the Land of
Promise--Their Appropriation of the Good Things purchased of
their Enemies

CHAPTER II. SMITH'S FIRST VISITS TO MISSOURI: Founding the City
of Zion and the Temple--Marvellous Stories that were told--
Dissatisfaction of Some of the Prophet's Companions

CHAPTER III.THE EXPULSION FROM JACKSON COUNTY: Rapid Influx of
Mormons--Result of the Publication of the Revelations--First
Friction with their Non-Mormon Neighbors--Manifesto of the
Mormons' Opponents--Their Big Mass Meeting--Demands on the
Mormons--Destruction of the Star Printing-office--The Mormons'
Agreement to leave--Smith's Advice to his Flock--Repudiation of
the Mormon Agreement and Renewal of Hostilities--The Battle at
Big Blue--Evacuation of the County--March of the Army of Zion--An
Inglorious Finale

CHAPTER IV. FRUITLESS NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE JACKSON COUNTY
PEOPLE: A Fair Offer Rejected--The Mormon Counter Propositions--
Governor Dunklin on the Situation

CHAPTER V. IN CLAY, CALDWELL, AND DAVIESS COUNTIES: Welcome of
the Mormons by New Neighbors--Effect of their Claims about
Possessing the Land--Ordered out of Clay County--Founding of Far
West--A Welcome to Smith and Rigdon

CHAPTER VI. RADICAL DISSENSIONS IN THE CHURCH: Trial of Phelps
and Whitmer--Conviction of Oliver Cowdery on Serious Charges--
Expulsion of Leading Members--Origin of the Danites--Suggested by
the Prophet at Kirtland--The Danite Constitution and Oath--Origin
of the Tithing System

CHAPTER VII. BEGINNING OF ACTIVE HOSTILITIES: Result of Smith's
Domineering Course--Jealousy caused by the Scattering of the
Saints--Founding of Adam-ondi-Ahman--Rigdon's Famous Salt
Sermon--Open Defiance of the Non-Mormons--The Mormons in
Politics--An Election Day Row--Arrests and Threats

CHAPTER VIII. A STATE OF CIVIL WAR: Calling out of the Militia--
Proposed Expulsion of the Mormons from Carroll County--The Siege
of De Witt--The Prophet's Defiance--Work of his "Fur Company"--
Gentile Retaliation--The Battle of Crooked River--The Massacre at
Hawn's Mills--Governor Boggs's "Order of Extermination"

CHAPTER IX. THE FINAL EXPULSION FROM THE STATE: General Lucas's
Terms to the Mormons--Surrender of Far West and Arrest of Mormon
Leaders--General Clark's Address to the Mormons--His Report to
the Governor--General Wilson's Picture of Adam-ondi-Ahman--Fate
of the Mormon Prisoners--Testimony at their Trial--Smith's
Escape--Migration to Illinois

BOOK IV. IN ILLINOIS

CHAPTER I. THE RECEPTION OF THE MORMONS: Incidents in the Early
History of the State--Defiant Lawlessness--Politicians the First
to Welcome the Newcomers--Landowners Among their First Friends

CHAPTER II. THE SETTLEMENT OF NAUVOO: Smith's Leadership
Illustrated--The Land Purchases--A Reconciliation of Conflicting
Revelations--Smith's Financiering--Shameful Misrepresentation to
Immigrants

CHAPTER III. THE BUILDING UP OF THE CITY: Unhealthfulness of its
Site--Rapid Growth of the Place--Early Pictures of it--Foreign
Proselyting--Why England was a Good Field--Method of Work there--
The Employment of Miracles--How the Converts were Sent Over

CHAPTER IV. THE NAUVOO CITY GOVERNMENT: Dr. Galland's
Suggestions--An Important Revelation--Church Buildings Ordered--
Subserviency of the Legislature--Dr. John C. Bennett's Efficient
Aid--Authority granted to the City Government--The Nauvoo Legion
--Bennett's Welcome--The Temple and How it was Constructed

CHAPTER V. THE MORMONS IN POLITICS: Smith's Decree against Van
Buren--How the Prophet swung the Mormon Vote back to the
Democrats--The Attempted Assassination of Governor Boggs--Smith's
Arrest and What Resulted from it--Defeat of a Whig Candidate by a
Revelation

CHAPTER VI. SMITH A CANDIDATE FOR PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES:
His Letter to Clay and Calhoun--Their Replies and Smith's Abusive
Wrath--The Prophet's Views on National Politics--Reform Measures
that He Proposed--His Nomination by the Church Paper--Experiences
of Missionaries sent out to Work Up his Campaign

CHAPTER VII. SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN NAUVOO: Character of its
Population--Treatment of Immigrant Converts--Some Disreputable
Gentile Neighbors--The Complaints of Mormon Stealings--
Significant Admissions--Mormon Protection against Outsiders--The
Whittlers

CHAPTER VIII. SMITH'S PICTURE OF HIMSELF AS AUTOCRAT: Glances at
his Autobiography--Difficulties Connected with the Building
Enterprises--A Plain Warning to Discontented Workmen--Trouble
with Rigdon--Pressed by his Creditors--Transaction with Remick--
Currency Law passed by his City Council--How Smith regarded
himself as a Prophet--His Latest Prophecies

CHAPTER IX. SMITH'S FALLING OUT WITH BENNETT AND HIGBEE:
Bennett's Expulsion and the Explanations concerning it--His
Attacks on his Late Companions--Charges against Nauvoo Morality--
The Case of Nancy Rigdon--The Higbee Incident

CHAPTER X. THE INSTITUTION OF POLYGAMY: An Examination of its
Origin--Its Conflict with the Teachings of the Mormon Bible and
Revelations--Early Loosening of the Marriage View under Smith--
Proof of the Practice of Polygamy in Nauvoo--Testimony of Eliza
R. Snow--How her Brother Lorenzo shook off his Bachelorhood--John
B. Lee as a Polygamist--Ebenezer Robinson's Statement--Objects of
"The Holy Order"--The Writing of the Revelation about Polygamy--
Its First Public Announcement--Sidney Rigdon's Innocence in the
Matter

CHAPTER XI. PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE DOCTRINE OF POLYGAMY: Text
of the Revelation--Orson Pratt's Presentation of it--The Doctrine
of Sealing--Necessity of Sealing as a Means of Salvation--Attempt
to show that Christ was a Polygamist

CHAPTER XII. THE SUPPRESSION OF THE EXPOSITOR: Dr. Foster and the
Laws--Rebellion against Smith's Teachings--Leading Features of
the Expositor--Trial of the Paper and its Editors before the City
Council--Destruction of the Press and Type--Smith's Proclamation

CHAPTER XIII. UPRISING OF THE NON-MORMONS: Resolutions Adopted at
Warsaw--Organizing and Arming of the People--Action of Governor
Ford--Smith's Arrest--Departure of the Prisoners for Carthage

CHAPTER XIV. THE MURDER OF THE PROPHET: Legal Proceedings after
his Arrival in Carthage--The Governor and the Militia--The
Carthage Jail and its Guards--Action of the Warsaw Regiment--The
Attack on the Jail and the Killing of the Prophet and his
Brother--Funeral Services in Nauvoo--Final Resting-place of the
Bodies--Result of Indictments of the Alleged Murderers--Review of
the Prophet's Character

CHAPTER XV. AFTER SMITH'S DEATH: The People in a Panic--The
Mormon Leaders for Peace--The Future Government of the Church--
Brigham Young's Victory--Rigdon's Trial before the High Council--
Verdict Against Him--His Church in Pennsylvania--His Ambition to
be the Head of a Distinct Church--A Visit from Heavenly
Messengers--His Last Days