A Sketch of the Life of Brig. Gen. Francis Marion
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William Dobein James. >> A Sketch of the Life of Brig. Gen. Francis Marion
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Shortly after Col. Doyle with another British regiment,
was directed to proceed by the way of M`Callum's ferry on Lynch's creek,
and down Jeffer's creek, to the Pedee road to the same point,
where they were to form a junction. Doyle had to open a road
from M`Callum's to Pedee, and his approach, though slow, was unexpected;
but Marion's scouts placed from Camden down, with relays of horses,
soon informed him of Watson's movement. By one of his rapid marches
he met him at Wiboo, about midway between Nelson's and Murray's ferry,
and at this swamp commenced his arduous contest with Watson.
Col. Peter Horry was placed in advance at the swamp,
while the general with the cavalry, and remainder of the brigade,
amounting to about four hundred men, lay in reserve.
Horry made considerable impression upon the tories in advance;
but Watson with two field pieces, and at the head of his column of regulars,
dislodged him from the swamp, and the tory cavalry under Harrison pursued.
As they advanced, Gavin James, a private of gigantic size and spirit,
mounted on a strong grey horse, and armed with a musket and bayonet,
threw himself in their way. He first deliberately fired upon the column
and one man fell. The causeway was narrow and this occasioned a pause,
in which a volley was fired at him without effect. One dragoon advanced
and was struck off his horse by the bayonet. A second came to his aid
and shared a like fate; in falling he laid hold of the musket near the muzzle
to jerk it away, and James dragged him forty or fifty paces.
This bold action produced a considerable effect, and was soon followed
by many others, not so well recollected, and too numerous to be inserted. --
Harrison had not pursued far, when Marion ordered the cavalry to charge;
Capts. M`Cauley and Conyers, met him, and soon dispersed his force;
whilst Conyers killed one of his officers, said to be Major Harrison,
with his own hands. Thus were the tories intimidated at the outset.
On the 9th of March, Col. Watson encamped at Cantey's plantation,
and wrote a letter to Gen. Marion, in which he justifies
(what the other had complained of by a previous communication,*)
the burning of houses and the hanging of those citizens
who had taken paroles, and afterwards joined the Americans,
upon the principles of the laws of war and nations. --
It seems the colonel had reference to the code of barbarous nations.
Marion made him no reply, but gave orders to his nightly patroles,
to shoot his sentinels and cut off his pickets. Such a retaliation
was to be expected; and thus raged the civil warfare.
--
* Letter of Marion, 7th March.
--
Watson marched down the river, and at Mount Hope had to build up the bridges,
and to sustain a second conflict with Col. Hugh Horry,
at the head of Marion's advance. By dint of his field pieces,
and the strength of his column, he at length made good his way.
Near Murray's ferry he passed the Kingstree road to his left,
and when he came to the Black river road, which crosses at the lower bridge,
he made a feint of still continuing down the Santee; but soon after wheeling
took that road on which the lower bridge was, distant twelve miles.
His manoeuvre did not long deceive Marion. He detached Major James
at the head of seventy men, thirty of whom were riflemen under M`Cottry,
to destroy the remnant of the bridge, which had been partially broken,
and to take post there, while the general kept an eye on Watson.
The pass of the lower bridge was now to decide the fate of Williamsburgh,
and seventy of her sons, under her most approved leaders,
were gone forth to defend it. Maj. James proceeded with great expedition,
and crossing the river by a shorter route than the road, arrived at the bridge
in time to throw down two of the middle arches, and to fire the string pieces
at the eastern end. At this place the west bank of the river
is considerably elevated, the east low and somewhat swampy,
and on the west the road passes to the bridge through a ravine;
the river is forty or fifty yards wide, and though deep,
was fordable below the bridge. As soon as the breach in it was effected,
Maj. James drew up M'Cottry's riflemen on each side of the ford
and end of the bridge, so as to have a fair view of the ravine,
and disposed the rest of his little band on the flanks. Not long after,
Marion arriving, took post in the rear, and sent Capt. Thomas Potts,
with his Pedee company, to reinforce Maj. James; and this had scarcely
been effected, when Watson's field pieces opened their fire,
from the opposite bank to clear his way, for a passage at the ford.
These field pieces could not be brought to bear on the low grounds to the east
without exposing his artillerists on the hill to the fire of the riflemen.
His balls hit the pines across the river, about midway their trunks,
or passed over disregarded. This attempt not succeeding, Watson drew up
his columns in the old field over the river, and his advance was now seen
approaching the ford with an officer at its head, waving his sword.
M`Cottry fired the signal gun, and the officer clapped his hand to his breast
and fell to the ground. The riflemen and musketeers next poured in
a well directed and deadly fire, and the British advance fled in disorder;
nor did the reserve move forward to its support. Four men returned
to bear off their officer, but all four shared his fate. In the evening,
Watson succeeded in removing his dead and wounded, and took up
his head quarters at John Witherspoon's, a mile above the bridge.
Here he was overheard to say, "that he never saw such shooting in his life."
To men fighting for their homes, wives, families, and their very existence,
"nothing appeared difficult;" and good shooting, if not a virtue in them,
was highly commendable. Gen. Marion took a position on a ridge
below the ford of the river, which is still called the general's island.
Next day he pushed M`Cottry and Conyers over the river,
and recommenced shooting Watson's pickets and sentinels.
Watson posted himself a little farther up the river, at Blakely's plantation,
where he pitched his camp in the most open place he could find, but still
Marion kept him in a bad humour, (as his letters from that place indicate,)
and his regulars in a constant panic. Here he remained
for more than a week* in inactivity and irresolution;
perhaps he waited for Doyle to make an impression at Snow's island;
but if Marion heard of Doyle, he kept it a profound secret.
While Blakely's and Witherspoon's provisions lasted,
his present plan answered pretty well; but when they failed,
it became necessary to have more at a greater distance,
and these could not be obtained, but by daily skirmishes.
In these Capt. Conyers was greatly distinguished. He was most daring,
and sat and managed his horse so remarkably well, that as was the case
with the centaur of old, they might have been taken for one animal.
Conyers was at this time fighting under the auspicious eye of a young lady,**
to whom his faith had been plighted, and beneath her alternate
smiles and fears, he presented himself daily before the lines of the enemy,
either as a single champion, or at the head of his troop.
Often did she hear them repeat, "Take care! there is Capt. Conyers!"
It was a ray of chivalry athwart the gloom of unrelenting warfare.
--
* About ten days, as it appears from the dates of his letters.
** This young lady was Mary, the second daughter of John Witherspoon,
who after the war, was married to Conyers. One day when her lover
made his appearance as usual, a British officer made use of language
disrespectful to him, which she bore for some time with patience;
at last he said something indelicate to herself. She immediately
drew off a walking shoe from her foot, and flung it in his face, saying,
"coward! go meet him." In those days kid slippers were not fashionable.
--
To increase the panic of the British, Serjt. M`Donald, with a rifle,
shot Lieut. Torriano through the knee, at the distance of three hundred yards.
This appears to have softened even the proud spirit of Watson;
for, on the 15th of March, he wrote a letter to Marion, stating,
"we have an officer and some men wounded, whom I should be glad
to send where they could be better taken care of. I wish, therefore,
to know if they will be permitted to pass to Charleston."
Gen. Marion wrote for a list of them, and next day sent the following pass:
"Gen. Marion's pass, granted to Lieut. Torriano and twelve privates. --
One officer and six wounded men, with six attendants, of the British troops,
are permitted to pass to Nelson's ferry, thence to Charleston,
unmolested," &c. Col. Watson was now literally besieged;
his supplies were cut off on all sides, and so many of his men killed,
that, he is said by tradition, to have sunk them in Black river to hide
their number. There is a quarry of rock in the neighbourhood of the place,
and the only one in that part of the country, where, it is said,
he sunk his men. At length Watson, decamping, made a forced march down
the Georgetown road; but paused at Ox swamp, six miles below the lower bridge.
On each side of the road there was then a thick, boggy swamp --
trees were felled across the causeway -- three bridges were destroyed,
and Marion was watching him with the eye of an eagle. Thus situated,
and having to force a more difficult pass at Johnson's swamp, ten miles ahead,
Watson most prudently wheeled to the right, and passed on,
through open piney woods, to the Santee road, distant about fifteen miles.
When overtaken by Marion upon this road, his infantry were passing
like horses at a full trot. Here he had not so many obstacles to encounter
as on the other road, and, by wheeling covertly and marching so briskly,
had gained considerable ground. However, Col. Peter Horry now advanced ahead
with the cavalry and riflemen, and annoyed him in flank and in front,
while Marion attacked in the rear, until they reached Sampit bridge,
where the last skirmish took place. News from Doyle appears to have arrested
Marion's progress, and summoned him to new perils.
Watson reached Georgetown, with two waggon loads of wounded men.*
It is evident from an intercepted letter of his of the 20th of March,
that he had been hemmed in so closely that he was in want of every thing,
and had taken this route to Georgetown, fifty miles out of his way,
to obtain supplies. From Fort Watson to the lower bridge,
he had not advanced more than forty miles on his premeditated route
to join Doyle.
--
* Horry's Narrative.
--
In the mean time, Col. Doyle, an active, enterprising officer,
had driven Col. Ervin, who commanded only a weak guard, from Snow's island.
But before retreating he had Marion's arms, stores and ammunition
thrown into Lynch's creek. This, at the crisis, was a most serious loss.
From Sampit, Gen. Marion marched back towards Snow's island;
on the way he received intelligence that Doyle lay at Witherspoon's ferry,
and he proceeded forthwith to attack him. Doyle had taken a position
on the north side of the ferry, and when M`Cottry, in advance,
with his mounted riflemen, arrived at the creek, the British were
scuttling a ferry boat on the opposite side. He took a position behind trees,
and gave them a well directed and deadly fire; they ran to their arms
and returned a prodigious volley, which did no more harm
than that of knocking off the limbs of trees among the riflemen.
Doyle had received news, which occasioned him to retreat for Camden.
The ferry boat being now scuttled and sunk on the opposite side,
and Lynch's creek being swollen, and at this place wide and deep,
Gen. Marion proceeded up the creek, and swam over it
at the first place he reached, five miles above Witherspoon's.
This was the shortest route to come at Doyle. He pursued all that day,
and the next morning till nine or ten o'clock, when he came to a house
where Doyle had destroyed all his heavy baggage, and had proceeded on
with great celerity towards Camden. This seemed mysterious at the time;
but here Marion halted.
It appears from what follows, shortly, as well as from Horry's account,
that this pursuit was undertaken by Gen. Marion with the desperate resolution
of either selling his own life and that of his followers,
as dearly as possible, or of cutting his way through the enemy to make good
a retreat into North Carolina. Happily for his country, Doyle evaded him,
and thus prevented the dangerous attempt. The general now received
the melancholy account of the extent of his loss in ammunition
and other stores on Snow's island, which under present circumstances
appeared irretrievable. However he was but little disposed
to brood over misfortunes, and if he had, his enemies
were not inclined to allow him leisure. In the mean time Col. Watson,
having refreshed and reinforced his party, and received
a fresh supply of military stores and provisions at Georgetown,
proceeded again towards the Pedee. On his march he had nothing to impede him
but a few bridges broken down. He took the nearest route across Black river
at Wragg's ferry, and crossing the Pedee at Euhany, and the little Pedee
at Potato bed ferry, he halted at Catfish creek, a mile from where
Marion court house now stands. -- Here Ganey's party flocked in to him
in such numbers that he was soon nine hundred strong. Gen. Marion returning
from the pursuit of Doyle, and hearing of the approach of Watson,
crossed the Pedee and encamped at the Warhees, five miles from him.
At this place he consulted with his field officers then in camp,
and informed them that although his force was now recruited
to five hundred men, that yet he had no more ammunition
than about two rounds to each man, and asked them "if he should retreat
into the upper parts of North Carolina, or if necessary to the mountains,
whether they would follow him." With a firm and unanimous voice
the resolution to follow him was adopted. These field officers,
whose names should be engraved on tablets of brass, were Cols. Peter Horry,
Hugh Horry, James Postell and John Ervin, and Majors John James,
John Baxter and Alexander Swinton.
Not long after this resolution was taken, Gen. Marion met
Capt. Gavin Witherspoon, who said to him, "General had we not better
fight Col. Watson before any more tories join him." "My friend," replied he,
"I know that would be best, but we have not ammunition." "Why, general,"
said Witherspoon, "here is my powder horn full," holding it up.
"Ah! my friend," said Marion, "you are an extraordinary soldier,
but as for others, there are not two rounds to a man." Witherspoon passed off
in silent sorrow; but as soon as he reached his camp, met Baker Johnson,
an old tried whig, who begged him for God's sake to give him something to eat,
and he set before him some cold rice in a pot. While Johnson was eating,
Witherspoon sat pondering over what he had heard for some time;
but at last inquired, "What news, Johnson?" "Fine news," said he,
"I saw a great number of continental troops, horse and foot,
crossing at Long bluff." "Come and tell the general," said Witherspoon.
"No," replied the other, "I am starving with hunger, and if the general
wants the news he must come to me." Witherspoon immediately posted off
to the general, who lost no time in going to Johnson; around whom
some hundreds were soon collected. The bearer of the good tidings
was to be depended on. The news was sudden and unexpected,
and to men now in a state of desperation nothing could be more transporting.
Scarce was there an eye but what was suffused with tears of joy.
All sufferings appeared now to be at an end, and that balm of the soul
hope began to revive. But while Johnson was still communicating
his intelligence, it was confirmed by the sound of a drum in the rear;
and soon after by the arrival of Major Conyers and Capt. Irby,
with Lieut. Col. Lee's legionary infantry. By Conyers, Marion received
orders from Gen. Greene to join Lee, and cooperate with him in striking
at the posts below Camden, and in furnishing provisions for the main army;*
and Lee had moved on towards the Santee for that purpose.
Commencing his march immediately, Gen. Marion crossed the Pedee in his rear,
and left Witherspoon with a small party to watch Watson. The line of march
was directed through Williamsburgh; and Marion joined Lee near Fort Watson,
on Scott's lake.
--
* Greene's letters, 4th and 17th April.
--
About the same time, Capt. John Brockington, of the tories, had been up
to his plantation at Cashway, and hearing the same news with Baker Johnson,
pushed over the river, and gave Watson the like information. He lost no time,
but immediately rolled his two field pieces into Catfish creek,
destroyed all his heavy baggage, re-crossed the little Pedee,
and not venturing by Euhany, he passed the Waccamaw at Greene's ferry,
and retreating through the neck, between that river and the sea,
crossed Winyaw bay, three miles wide, and thus arrived in Georgetown.
To those unacquainted with this route, a bare inspection
of the map of the country will at once give information,
how much Marion was dreaded by Watson.
Upon forming a junction with Col. Lee, it was decidedly
the opinion of Gen. Marion, that they should pursue Watson,
and either take him or prevent his junction with Lord Rawdon.
But Lee was of opinion it would lead them too far from Gen. Greene.
Gen. Marion must have given up his point with much reluctance,
for he was afterwards heard repeatedly to regret that his orders
did not permit him to pursue Col. Watson. But, perhaps the true reason
was that Marion and Lee were both bare of ammunition,
and could get it only by taking Fort Watson. It was left
without the presence of its commander, and as in that day there was no road
from Kingstree up Black river to Camden, and the swamps were impassable
except to hunters, by taking a position at Scott's lake,
they would be on the only road there was from Georgetown, on a direct line,
to intercept Watson, as he marched up to Camden. -- But while Gen. Marion
passed through Williamsburgh, his men having now performed
a tour of duty of more than a month against Watson, which with all
its watchings and privations was unusually severe, and being suddenly relieved
from that pressure, many of them took the liberty of going home
to recruit themselves; and he was left to his great mortification
with only eighty men. However, they soon dropped in, one or two at a time.*
--
* Gen. Greene's elegant letter to Marion, 9th May.
--
On the 15th of April, Gen. Marion invested Fort Watson, at Scott's lake,
without any other means of annoyance than musketry. The fort stood
on an Indian mound, about forty feet high, and was stockaded,
and had three rows of abbatis round it.* The besiegers took post
between the fort and the lake, to cut off the water; but the besieged
sunk a well in the fort. As there were no trees or other covering
near the fort, Marion's riflemen were too much exposed at first
to fire with effect; but Col. Maham contrived to raise a tower of logs
in one night, so high that it overtopped the fort, and the marksmen
began to fire into it. Gen. Marion had no entrenching tools
to make a regular approach, but on the day after the investment,
a party of militia under Ensign Baker Johnson, and of continentals
under Mr. Lee, a volunteer in the legion, with a sudden movement,
and much intrepidity, made a lodgment near the stockade,
and began to pull away the abbatis and fling them down the mound.
Lieut. M`Kay, who commanded, then hoisted a white flag, and the garrison,
consisting of one hundred and fourteen men and officers, capitulated.
Major Eaton had been detached by Gen. Greene, with one field piece,
to join Marion, but arrived too late to participate in this siege.
The loss of the Americans was only two militia men killed,
and three continentals and three militia wounded. -- As this fort lay
on the great line of communication between Camden and Charleston,
its fall was a great loss to the enemy; and by taking it
Gen. Marion obtained supplies of ammunition, which he soon turned
to great advantage.
--
* Marion's letter, 23d April.
--
During the siege, Col. Watson evaded Marion and Lee. Having arrived
in Georgetown, and not yet recovered from his panic, he crossed
the north and south Santee, at the lower ferries, and having surmounted
this difficulty, he marched up the west side of the river
and arrived in Camden by the way of the ferry near the town,
with forces much impaired by the incessant attacks of Marion,
and long marches, combined with much desertion; but his loss is not confessed
by the enemy, nor could it be discovered by the Americans. --
Had he been able to have cooperated with Doyle in sufficient time,
with their overwhelming force, assisted by Harrison and Ganey,
with an equal, if not greater number of tories; there can be little doubt,
but Gen. Marion with his scanty means of defence, must either
have fallen in the conflict or been driven out of the country.
When he first marched from Scott's lake, Col. Watson had only seventy miles
to traverse, and only Black river to pass, before he reached Snow's island;
yet such was the consummate skill and indefatigable exertions of Gen. Marion,
that from the 9th of March until the 10th of April, he had not reached
his place of destination, and then made a hasty retreat
through roads unfrequented, and over wide swamps and rivers, unpursued.
To effect this he took a circuitous route, nearly one hundred miles
out of his way, which detained him until about the 9th of May,
more than two months from his first setting out on this expedition.
Col. Watson was considered by the British one of their best partisans;
yet we have seen how he was foiled. Had his regiment attempted,
as was no doubt intended, to ford the river at the lower bridge,
they would have found the passage narrow, and the river at that time deep;
or had he undertaken to repair the bridge, in either case he must have lost
a great portion of his men. He was, however, a better officer
than historian or civilian, otherwise he would not have justified
the practice of burning houses, in the face of the universal censure
cast upon Lewis XIV. for adopting the same measure in the Palatinate.
But when Watson, Balfour, and other British officers, professing to know
the laws of war and nations, burnt houses and hanged those citizens
who had taken deceptive paroles upon their authority,
certainly it may be affirmed that Marion, who was self-taught,
and had no book of the law of nations, or perhaps any other book in his camp,
was justifiable as a matter of retaliation, to shoot down their pickets
and cut off their sentinels wherever he could find them;
and always to fight such invaders in their own barbarian manner.
Nothing ever showed, in such a strong light, the plain good sense of Marion.
Col. Watson had orders to burn houses, but did not however appear to wish
to carry them rigourously into effect. It is believed he burnt but two;
one was the house of Lieut. Dickson, who was with Marion; the other belonged
to Nathaniel Dwight, of Waccamaw neck. Upon a retrospection,
Col. Watson's character appears in a favourable point of view;
and, as far as was consistent with orders, his humanity is undoubted.
On the 18th of April, Col. William Harden, acting under the orders of Marion,
took the British fort at Pocotaligo, with one militia colonel, one major,
three captains, three lieutenants, sixty privates and twenty-two dragoons,
prisoners. He writes, "I wish you would send some commissions,
with your orders. It seems they wait for Col. Hayne, and he says
he cannot act without a commission, and I am sure, if he turns out,
at least two hundred will join him. If so, I am very certain
that this part of the country may be held." Every one has either
read or heard of the subsequent melancholy fate of Col. Hayne;
but more of that in the sequel.
Major John Postell had been pitched upon as the first victim.
After distinguishing himself, as related, he obtained leave from his general
to go with a flag to Georgetown, to obtain the release of his father,
(who was still a prisoner) and of some others. Capt. Saunders,
now the commandant, detained him, and threw him also into gaol,
on the plea of his having broken his parole;* and, in a long correspondence
with Gen. Marion, he and Col. Balfour, the commandant of Charleston,
vindicated the measure, as consistent with the laws of war and nations.
It appears Balfour was the civilian of the British while here in power.
He was just such a minion as would have suited the purposes
of Tiberius Caesar. He had several hundreds of Americans
pining in want and misery in loathsome prison-ships, and in dungeons
under the Exchange, damp and noisome, which he called ~his provost~.
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