On Horsemanship
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[6] Al. "and the mischief has spread."
But if food and exercise with a view to strengthening the horse's body
are matters of prime consideration, no less important is it to pay
attention to the feet. A stable with a damp and smooth floor will
spoil the best hoof which nature can give.[7] To prevent the floor
being damp, it should be sloped with channels; and to avoid
smoothness, paved with cobble stones sunk side by side in the ground
and similar in size to the horse's hoofs.[8] A stable floor of this
sort is calculated to strengthen the horse's feet by the mere pressure
on the part in standing. In the next place it will be the groom's
business to lead out the horse somewhere to comb and curry him; and
after his morning's feed to unhalter him from the manger,[9] so that
he may come to his evening meal with greater relish. To secure the
best type of stable-yard, and with a view to strengthening the horse's
feet, I would suggest to take and throw down loosely[10] four or five
waggon loads of pebbles, each as large as can be grasped in the hand,
and about a pound in weight; the whole to be fenced round with a
skirting of iron to prevent scattering. The mere standing on these
will come to precisely the same thing as if for a certain portion of
the day the horse were, off and on, stepping along a stony road;
whilst being curried or when fidgeted by flies he will be forced to
use his hoofs just as much as if he were walking. Nor is it the hoofs
merely, but a surface so strewn with stones will tend to harden the
frog of the foot also.
[7] Lit. "A damp and smooth floor may be the ruin of a naturally good
hoof." It will be understood that the Greeks did not shoe their
horses.
[8] See Courier, p. 54, for an interesting experiment tried by himself
at Bari.
[9] Cf. "Hipparch," i. 16.
[10] Or, "spread so as to form a surface."
But if care is needed to make the hoofs hard, similar pains should be
taken to make the mouth and jaws soft; and the same means and
appliances which will render a man's flesh and skin soft, will serve
to soften and supple a horse's mouth.[11]
[11] Or, "may be used with like effect on a horse's mouth," i.e.
bathing, friction, oil. See Pollux, i. 201.
V
It is the duty of a horseman, as we think, to have his groom trained
thoroughly in all that concerns the treatment of the horse. In the
first place, then, the groom should know that he is never to knot the
halter[1] at the point where the headstall is attached to the horse's
head. By constantly rubbing his head against the manger, if the halter
does not sit quite loose about his ears, the horse will be constantly
injuring himself;[2] and with sores so set up, it is inevitable that
he should show peevishness, while being bitted or rubbed down.
[1] Lit. "by which the horse is tied to the manger"; "licol d'ecurie."
[2] Al. "in nine cases out of ten he rubs his head . . . and ten to
one will make a sore."
It is desirable that the groom should be ordered to carry out the dung
and litter of the horse to some one place each day. By so doing, he
will discharge the duty with least trouble to himself,[3] and at the
same time be doing the horse a kindness.
[3] Al. "get rid of the refuse in the easiest way."
The groom should also be instructed to attach the muzzle to the
horse's mouth, both when taking him out to be groomed and to the
rolling-ground.[4] In fact he should always muzzle him whenever he
takes him anywhere without the bit. The muzzle, while it is no
hindrance to respiration, prevents biting; and when attached it serves
to rob the horse of opportunity for vice.[5]
[4] Cf. "Econ." xi. 18; Aristoph. "Clouds," 32.
[5] Or, "prevents the horse from carrying out vicious designs."
Again, care should be taken to tie the horse up with the halter above
his head. A horse's natural instinct, in trying to rid himself of
anything that irritates the face, is to toss up his head, and by this
upward movement, if so tied, he only slackens the chain instead of
snapping it. In rubbing the horse down, the groom should begin with
the head and mane; as until the upper parts are clean, it is vain to
cleanse the lower; then, as regards the rest of the body, first brush
up the hair, by help of all the ordinary implements for cleansing, and
then beat out the dust, following the lie of the hair. The hair on the
spine (and dorsal region) ought not to be touched with any instrument
whatever; the hand alone should be used to rub and smooth it, and in
the direction of its natural growth, so as to preserve from injury
that part of the horse's back on which the rider sits.
The head should be drenched with water simply; for, being bony, if you
try to cleanse it with iron or wooden instruments injury may be
caused. So, too, the forelock should be merely wetted; the long hairs
of which it is composed, without hindering the animal's vision, serve
to scare away from the eyes anything that might trouble them.
Providence, we must suppose,[6] bestowed these hairs upon the horse,
instead of the large ears which are given to the ass and the mule as a
protection to the eyes.[7] The tail, again, and mane should be washed,
the object being to help the hairs to grow--those in the tail so as to
allow the creature the greatest reach possible in brushing away
molesting objects,[8] and those of the neck in order that the rider
may have as free a grip as possible.
[6] Lit. "The gods, we must suppose, gave . . ."
[7] Lit. "as defences or protective bulwarks."
[8] Insects, etc.
Mane, forelock, and tail are triple gifts bestowed by the gods upon
the horse for the sake of pride and ornament,[9] and here is the
proof: a brood mare, so long as her mane is long and flowing, will not
readily suffer herself to be covered by an ass; hence breeders of
mules take care to clip the mane of the mare with a view to
covering.[10]
[9] {aglaias eneka} (a poetic word). Cf. "Od." xv. 78; xvii. 310.
[10] For this belief Schneid. cf Aristot. "H. A." vi. 18; Plin. viii.
42; Aelian, "H. A." ii. 10, xi. 18, xii. 16, to which Dr. Morgan
aptly adds Soph. "Fr." 587 (Tyro), a beautiful passage, {komes de
penthos lagkhano polou diken, k.t.l.} (cf. Plut. "Mor." 754 A).
Washing of the legs we are inclined to dispense with--no good is done
but rather harm to the hoofs by this daily washing. So, too, excessive
cleanliness of the belly is to be discouraged; the operation itself is
most annoying to the horse; and the cleaner these parts are made, the
thicker the swarm of troublesome things which collect beneath the
belly. Besides which, however elaborately you clean these parts, the
horse is no sooner led out than presently he will be just as dirty as
if he had not been cleaned. Omit these ablutions then, we say; and
similarly for the legs, rubbing and currying by hand is quite
sufficient.
VI
We will now explain how the operation of grooming may be performed
with least danger to oneself and best advantage to the horse. If the
groom attempts to clean the horse with his face turned the same way as
the horse, he runs the risk of getting a knock in the face from the
animal's knee or hoof. When cleaning him he should turn his face in
the opposite direction to the horse, and planting himself well out of
the way of his leg, at an angle to his shoulder-blade, proceed to rub
him down. He will then escape all mischief, and he will be able to
clean the frog by folding back the hoof. Let him clean the hind-legs
in the same way.
The man who has to do with the horse should know, with regard to this
and all other necessary operations, that he ought to approach as
little as possible from the head or the tail to perform them; for if
the horse attempt to show vice he is master of the man in front and
rear. But by approaching from the side he will get the greatest hold
over the horse with the least risk of injury to himself.
When the horse has to be led, we do not approve of leading him from in
front, for the simple reason that the person so leading him robs
himself of his power of self-protection, whilst he leaves the horse
freedom to do what he likes. On the other hand, we take a like
exception to the plan of training the horse to go forward on a long
rein[1] and lead the way, and for this reason: it gives the horse the
opportunity of mischief, in whichever direction he likes, on either
flank, and the power also to turn right about and face his driver. How
can a troop of horses be kept free of one another, if driven in this
fashion from behind?--whereas a horse accustomed to be led from the
side will have least power of mischief to horse or man, and at the
same time be in the best position to be mounted by the rider at a
moment's notice, were it necessary.
[1] See a passage from Strattis, "Chrys." 2 (Pollux, x. 55), {prosage
ton polon atrema, proslabon ton agogea brakhuteron. oukh oras oti
abolos estin}.
In order to insert the bit correctly the groom should, in the first
place, approach on the near[2] side of the horse, and then throwing
the reins over his head, let them drop loosely on the withers; raise
the headstall in his right hand, and with his left present the bit. If
the horse will take the bit, it is a simple business to adjust the
strap of the headstall; but if he refuses to open his mouth, the groom
must hold the bit against the teeth and at the same time insert the
thumb[3] of his left hand inside the horse's jaws. Most horses will
open their mouths to that operation. But if he still refuses, then the
groom must press the lip against the tush[4]; very few horses will
refuse the bit, when that is done to them.[5]
[2] Lit. "on the left-hand side."
[3] {ton megan daktulon}, Hdt. iii. 8.
[4] i.e. "canine tooth."
[5] Or, "it is a very exceptional horse that will not open his mouth
under the circumstances."
The groom can hardly be too much alive to the following points * * *
if any work is to be done:[6] in fact, so important is it that the
horse should readily take his bit, that, to put it tersely, a horse
that will not take it is good for nothing. Now, if the horse be bitted
not only when he has work to do, but also when he is being taken to
his food and when he is being led home from a ride, it would be no
great marvel if he learnt to take the bit of his own accord, when
first presented to him.
[6] Reading with L. Dind. {khre de ton ippokomon kai ta oiade . . .
paroxunthai, ei ti dei ponein}, or if as Schneid., Sauppe, etc.,
{khre de ton ippon me kata toiade, k.t.l.}, transl. "the horse
must not be irritated in such operations as these," etc.; but
{toiade} = "as follows," if correct, suggests a lacuna in either
case at this point.
It would be good for the groom to know how to give a leg up in the
Persian fashion,[7] so that in case of illness or infirmity of age the
master himself may have a man to help him on to horseback without
trouble, or, if he so wish, be able to oblige a friend with a man to
mount him.[8]
[7] Cf. "Anab." IV. iv. 4; "Hipparch," i. 17; "Cyrop." VII. i. 38.
[8] An {anaboleus}. Cf. Plut. "C. Gracch." 7.
The one best precept--the golden rule--in dealing with a horse is
never to approach him angrily. Anger is so devoid of forethought that
it will often drive a man to do things which in a calmer mood he will
regret.[9] Thus, when a horse is shy of any object and refuses to
approach it, you must teach him that there is nothing to be alarmed
at, particularly if he be a plucky animal;[10] or, failing that, touch
the formidable object yourself, and then gently lead the horse up to
it. The opposite plan of forcing the frightened creature by blows only
intensifies its fear, the horse mentally associating the pain he
suffers at such a moment with the object of suspicion, which he
naturally regards as its cause.
[9] Cf. "Hell." v. iii. 7 for this maxim.
[10] Al. "if possibly by help of another and plucky animal."
If, when the groom brings up the horse to his master to mount, he
knows how to make him lower his back,[11] to facilitate mounting, we
have no fault to find. Still, we consider that the horseman should
practise and be able to mount, even if the horse does not so lend
himself;[12] since on another occasion another type of horse may fall
to the rider's lot,[13] nor can the same rider be always served by the
same equerry.[14]
[11] {upobibazesthai}. See above, i. 14; Pollux, i. 213; Morgan ad
loc. "Stirrups were unknown till long after the Christian era
began."
[12] Or, "apart from these good graces on the animal's part."
[13] As a member of the cavalry.
[14] Reading {allo}. Al. reading {allos} with L. D., "and the same
horse will at one time humour you in one way and again in
another." Cf. viii. 13, x. 12, for {uperetein} of the horse.
VII
The master, let us suppose, has received his horse and is ready to
mount.[1] We will now prescribe certain rules to be observed in the
interests not only of the horseman but of the animal which he
bestrides. First, then, he should take the leading rein, which hangs
from the chin-strap or nose-band,[2] conveniently in his left hand,
held slack so as not to jerk the horse's mouth, whether he means to
mount by hoisting himself up, catching hold of the mane behind the
ears, or to vault on to horseback by help of his spear. With the right
hand he should grip the reins along with a tuft of hair beside the
shoulder-joint,[3] so that he may not in any way wrench the horse's
mouth with the bit while mounting. In the act of taking the spring off
the ground for mounting,[4] he should hoist his body by help of the
left hand, and with the right at full stretch assist the upward
movement[5] (a position in mounting which will present a graceful
spectacle also from behind);[6] at the same time with the leg well
bent, and taking care not to place his knee on the horse's back, he
must pass his leg clean over to the off side; and so having brought
his foot well round, plant himself firmly on his seat.[7]
[1] Reading {otan . . . paradexetai . . . os anabesomenos}. Or,
reading {otan paradexetai ton ippea (sc. o. ippos) ws
anabesomenon}, transl. "the horse has been brought round ready for
mounting."
[2] So Courier, "la muserolle." It might be merely a stitched leather
strap or made of a chain in part, which rattled; as
{khrusokhalinon patagon psalion} (Aristoph. "Peace," 155) implies.
"Curb" would be misleading.
[3] "Near the withers."
[4] Or, "as soon as he has got the springing poise preliminary to
mounting."
[5] "Give himself simultaneously a lift." Reading {ekteinon}, or if
{enteinon}, "keeping his right arm stiff."
[6] Or, "a style of mounting which will obviate an ungainly attitude
behind."
[7] Lit. "lower his buttocks on to the horse's back."
To meet the case in which the horseman may chance to be leading his
horse with the left hand and carrying his spear in the right, it would
be good, we think, for every one to practise vaulting on to his seat
from the right side also. In fact, he has nothing else to learn except
to do with his right limbs what he has previously done with the left,
and vice versa. And the reason we approve of this method of mounting
is[8] that it enables the soldier at one and the same instant to get
astride of his horse and to find himself prepared at all points,
supposing he should have to enter the lists of battle on a sudden.
[8] Lit. "One reason for the praise which we bestow on this method of
mounting is that at the very instant of gaining his seat the
soldier finds himself fully prepared to engage the enemy on a
sudden, if occasion need."
But now, supposing the rider fairly seated, whether bareback or on a
saddle-cloth, a good seat is not that of a man seated on a chair, but
rather the pose of a man standing upright with his legs apart. In this
way he will be able to hold on to the horse more firmly by his thighs;
and this erect attitude will enable him to hurl a javelin or to strike
a blow from horseback, if occasion calls, with more vigorous effect.
The leg and foot should hang loosely from the knee; by keeping the leg
stiff, the rider is apt to have it broken in collision with some
obstacle; whereas a flexible leg[9] will yield to the impact, and at
the same time not shift the thigh from its position. The rider should
also accustom the whole of his body above the hips to be as supple as
possible; for thus he will enlarge his scope of action, and in case of
a tug or shove be less liable to be unseated. Next, when the rider is
seated, he must, in the first place, teach his horse to stand quiet,
until he has drawn his skirts from under him, if need be,[10] and got
the reins an equal length and grasped his spear in the handiest
fashion; and, in the next place, he should keep his left arm close to
his side. This position will give the rider absolute ease and
freedom,[11] and his hand the firmest hold.
[9] i.e. "below the knee"; "shin and calf."
[10] Lit. "pulled up" (and arranged the folds of his mantle).
[11] {eustalestatos}, "the most business-like deportment."
As to reins, we recommend those which are well balanced, without being
weak or slippery or thick, so that when necessary, the hand which
holds them can also grasp a spear.
As soon as the rider gives the signal to the horse to start,[12] he
should begin at a walking pace, which will tend to allay his
excitement. If the horse is inclined to droop his head, the reins
should be held pretty high; or somewhat low, if he is disposed to
carry his head high. This will set off the horse's bearing to the best
advantage. Presently, as he falls into a natural trot,[13] he will
gradually relax his limbs without the slightest suffering, and so come
more agreeably to the gallop.[14] Since, too, the preference is given
to starting on the left foot, it will best conduce to that lead if,
while the horse is still trotting, the signal to gallop should be
given at the instant of making a step with his right foot.[15] As he
is on the point of lifting his left foot he will start upon it, and
while turning left will simultaneously make the first bound of the
gallop;[16] since, as a matter of instinct, a horse, on being turned
to the right, leads off with his right limbs, and to the left with his
left.
[12] "Forwards!"
[13] Or, "the true trot."
[14] {epirrabdophorein}, "a fast pace in response to a wave of the
whip."
[15] See Berenger, i. p. 249; also the "Cavalry Drill Book," Part I.
Equitation, S. 22, "The Canter."
[16] {tes episkeliseos}, "he will make the forward stride of the
gallop in the act of turning to the left." See Morgan ad loc.
As an exercise, we recommend what is called the volte,[17] since it
habituates the animal to turn to either hand; while a variation in the
order of the turn is good as involving an equalisation of both sides
of the mouth, in first one, and then the other half of the
exercise.[18] But of the two we commend the oval form of the volte
rather than the circular; for the horse, being already sated with the
straight course, will be all the more ready to turn, and will be
practised at once in the straight course and in wheeling. At the
curve, he should be held up,[19] because it is neither easy nor indeed
safe when the horse is at full speed to turn sharp, especially if the
ground is broken[20] or slippery.
[17] {pede}, figure of eight.
[18] Or, "on first one and then the other half of the manege."
[19] {upolambanein}. See "Hipparch," iii. 14; "Hunting," iii. 10; vi.
22, of a dog.
[20] {apokroton}, al. {epikroton}, "beaten, hard-trodden ground."
But in collecting him, the rider should as little as possible sway the
horse obliquely with the bit, and as little as possible incline his
own body; or, he may rest assured, a trifle will suffice to stretch
him and his horse full length upon the ground. The moment the horse
has his eyes fixed on the straight course after making a turn, is the
time to urge him to full speed. In battle, obviously, these turns and
wheelings are with a view to charging or retiring; consequently, to
practise quickening the pace after wheeling is desirable. When the
horse seems to have had enough of the manege, it would be good to give
him a slight pause, and then suddenly to put him to his quickest, away
from his fellows first,[21] and now towards them; and then again to
quiet him down in mid-career as short as possible;[22] and from halt
once more to turn him right-about and off again full charge. It is
easy to predict that the day will come when there will be need of each
of these manouvres.
[21] {mentoi}, "of course."
[22] Or, "within the narrowest compass"; "as finely as possible."
When the moment to dismount has come, you should never do so among
other horses, nor near a group of people,[23] nor outside the
exercising-ground; but on the precise spot which is the scene of his
compulsory exertion there let the horse find also relaxation.[24]
[23] Or, "a knot of bystanders"; cf. Thuc. ii. 21.
[24] Or, as we say, "be caressed, and dismissed."
VIII
As there will, doubtless, be times when the horse will need to race
downhill and uphill and on sloping ground; times, also, when he will
need to leap across an obstacle; or, take a flying leap from off a
bank;[1] or, jump down from a height, the rider must teach and train
himself and his horse to meet all emergencies. In this way the two
will have a chance of saving each the other, and may be expected to
increase their usefulness.
[1] {ekpedan} = exsilire in altum (Sturz, and so Berenger); "to leap
over ditches, and upon high places and down from them."
And here, if any reader should accuse us of repeating ourselves, on
the ground that we are only stating now what we said before on the
same topics,[2] we say that this is not mere repetition. In the former
case, we confined ourselves to advising the purchaser before he
concluded his bargain to test whether the horse could do those
particular things;[3] what we are now maintaining is that the owner
ought to teach his own horse, and we will explain how this teaching is
to be done.
[2] Or, "treating of a topic already handled."
[3] i.e. possessed a certain ability at the date of purchase.
With a horse entirely ignorant of leaping, the best way is to take him
by the leading rein, which hangs loose, and to get across the trench
yourself first, and then to pull tight on the leading-rein, to induce
him to leap across. If he refuses, some one with a whip or switch
should apply it smartly. The result will be that the horse will clear
at a bound, not the distance merely, but a far larger space than
requisite; and for the future there will be no need for an actual
blow, the mere sight of some one coming up behind will suffice to make
him leap. As soon as he is accustomed to leap in this way you may
mount him and put him first at smaller and then at larger trenches. At
the moment of the spring be ready to apply the spur; and so too, when
training him to leap up and leap down, you should touch him with the
spur at the critical instant. In the effort to perform any of these
actions with the whole body, the horse will certainly perform them
with more safety to himself and to his rider than he will, if his
hind-quarters lag, in taking a ditch or fence, or in making an upward
spring or downward jump.[4]
[4] Lit. "in making these jumps, springs, and leaps across or up or
down."
To face a steep incline, you must first teach him on soft ground, and
finally, when he is accustomed to that, he will much prefer the
downward to the upward slope for a fast pace. And as to the
apprehension, which some people entertain, that a horse may dislocate
the shoulder in galloping down an incline, it should encourage them to
learn that the Persians and Odrysians all run races down precipitous
slopes;[5] and their horses are every bit as sound as our own.[6]
[5] Cf. "Anab." IV. viii. 28; and so the Georgians to this day
(Chardin ap. Courier, op. cit. p. 70, n. 1).
[6] Lit. "as are those of the Hellenes."
Nor must we omit another topic: how the rider is to accomodate himself
to these several movements.[7] Thus, when the horse breaks off into a
gallop, the rider ought to bend forward, since the horse will be less
likely to slip from under; and so to pitch his rider off. So again in
pulling him up short[8] the rider should lean back; and thus escape a
shock. In leaping a ditch or tearing up a steep incline, it is no bad
plan to let go the reins and take hold of the mane, so that the animal
may not feel the burthen of the bit in addition to that of the ground.
In going down a steep incline the rider must throw himself right back
and hold in the horse with the bit, to prevent himself being hurled
headforemost down the slope himself if not his horse.
[7] Or, "to each set of occurrences."
[8] Al. "when the horse is being brought to a poise" (Morgan); and see
Hermann ap. Schneid., {analambanein} = retinere equum, anhalten,
pariren. i.e. "rein in" of the "Parade."